Chemical pneumonitis
Aspiration pneumonia - chemical
Chemical pneumonitis is inflammation of the lungs or
The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged.
Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways, travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.
Causes
Many chemicals used in the home and workplace can cause pneumonitis.
Some common dangerous inhaled substances include:
- Chlorine gas (breathed in from cleaning materials such as chlorine bleach, during industrial accidents, or near swimming pools)
- Grain and fertilizer dust
- Noxious fumes from pesticides
- Smoke (from house fires and wildfires)
There are two types of pneumonitis:
- Acute pneumonitis occurs suddenly after breathing in the substance.
- Long-term (chronic) pneumonitis occurs after exposure to low levels of the substance over a long time. This causes inflammation and may lead to stiffness of the lungs. As a result, the lungs start to lose their ability to get oxygen to the body. Untreated, this condition can cause respiratory failure and death.
Chronic aspiration of acid from the stomach and exposure to chemical warfare can also lead to chemical pneumonitis.
Symptoms
Acute symptoms may include:
- Air hunger (feeling that you cannot get enough air)
- Breathing that sounds wet or gurgling (abnormal lung sounds)
- Cough
- Difficulty breathing
- Unusual sensation (possibly burning feeling) in the chest
Chronic symptoms may include:
- Cough (may or may not occur)
- Progressive disability (related to shortness of breath)
- Rapid breathing (tachypnea)
- Shortness of breath with only mild exercise
Exams and Tests
The following tests help determine how severely the lungs are affected:
- Blood gases (measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in your blood)
- CT scan of chest
- Lung function studies (tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning)
- X-ray of the chest
- Swallowing studies to check if stomach acid is the cause of pneumonitis
- Blood tests of kidney and liver function
Treatment
Treatment is focused on reversing the cause of inflammation and reducing symptoms. Corticosteroids may be given to reduce inflammation, often before long-term scarring occurs.
Antibiotics are usually not helpful or needed, unless there is a secondary infection. Oxygen therapy may be helpful.
In cases of swallowing and stomach problems, eating small meals in the upright position can help. In severe cases, a feeding tube in the stomach is needed, although this does not always completely prevent aspiration into the lungs.
Outlook (Prognosis)
The outcome depends on the chemical, the severity of exposure, and whether the problem is acute or chronic.
Possible Complications
Respiratory failure and death can occur.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your health care provider if you have trouble breathing after inhaling (or possibly inhaling) any substance.
Prevention
Only use household chemicals as directed, and always in well-ventilated areas with proper protective equipment. Never mix ammonia and bleach.
Follow workplace rules for breathing masks and wear the right mask. People who work near fire should take care to limit their exposure to smoke or gases.
Be careful about giving mineral oil to anyone who might choke on it (children or older people).
Sit up while eating and don't lie down right after eating if you have swallowing problems.
Do not siphon gas, kerosene, or other toxic liquid chemicals.
References
Christiani DC. Physical and chemical injuries of the lungs. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 88.
Gibbs AR, Attanoos RL. Environmental- and toxin-induced lung diseases. In: Zander DS, Farver CF, eds. Pulmonary Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 18.
Kushchner WG, Blanc PD. Acute responses to toxic exposures. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 103.
Tarlo SM. Occupational lung disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 87.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 7/31/2022
Reviewed by: Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, MHS, Paul F. Harron, Jr. Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
