Echinococcus
Hydatidosis; Hydatid disease, Hydatid cyst disease; Alveolar cyst disease; Polycystic echinococcosis
Echinococcosis is an infection caused by either the Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm. The infection is also called hydatid disease.
This upper abdominal CT scan shows multiple cysts in the liver, caused by dog tapeworm (echinococcus). Note the large circular cyst (seen on the left side of the screen) and multiple smaller cysts throughout the liver.
Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. The immune system recognizes antigens and produces antibodies that destroy substances containing antigens.
Causes
Humans become infected when they swallow the tapeworm eggs in contaminated food. The eggs then form cysts inside the body. A cyst is a closed pocket or pouch. The cysts keep growing, which leads to symptoms.
E granulosus is an infection caused by tapeworms found in dogs and livestock such as sheep, pigs, goats, and cattle. These tapeworms are around 2 to 7 mm long. The infection is called cystic echinococcosis (CE). It leads to growth of cysts mainly in the lungs and liver. Cysts can also be found in the heart, bones, and brain.
E multilocularis is the infection caused by tapeworms found in dogs, cats, rodents, and foxes. These tapeworms are around 1 to 4 mm long. The infection is called alveolar echinococcosis (AE). It is a life-threatening condition because tumor-like growths form in the liver. Other organs, such as the lungs and brain can be affected.
Children or young adults are more prone to get the infection.
Echinococcosis is common in:
- Africa
- Central Asia
- Southern South America
- The Mediterranean
- The Middle East
In rare cases, the infection is seen in the United States. It has been reported in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.
Risk factors include being exposed to:
- Cattle
- Deer
- Feces of dogs, foxes, wolves, or coyotes
- Pigs
- Sheep
- Camels
Symptoms
Cysts may produce no symptoms for 10 years or more.
As the disease advances and the cysts get larger, symptoms may include:
- Pain in the upper right part of the abdomen (liver cyst)
- Increase in size of the abdomen due to swelling (liver cyst)
- Bloody sputum (lung cyst)
- Chest pain (lung cyst)
- Cough (lung cyst)
- Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) when cysts break open
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about the symptoms.
If the provider suspects CE or AE, tests that may be done to find the cysts include:
- X-ray, echocardiogram, CT scan, PET scan, or ultrasound to view the cysts
- Blood tests, such as enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), liver function tests
- Fine needle aspiration biopsy
Most often, echinococcosis cysts do not cause symptoms and are found when an imaging test is done for another reason.
Treatment
Many people can be treated with anti-worm medicines.
A procedure that involves inserting a needle through the skin into the cyst may be tried. The contents of the cyst are removed (aspirated) through the needle. Then medicine is sent through the needle to kill the tapeworm. This treatment is not for cysts in the lungs.
Surgery is the treatment of choice for cysts that are large, infected, or located in organs such as the heart and brain.
Outlook (Prognosis)
If the cysts respond to oral medicines, the likely outcome is good.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of this disorder.
Prevention
Measures to prevent CE and AE include:
- Staying away from wild animals including foxes, wolves, and coyotes
- Avoiding contact with stray dogs
- Washing hands well after touching pet dogs or cats, and before handling food
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Echinococcosis. About echinococcosis.
Fairley JK, King CH. Tapeworms (cestodes). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 289.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 7/16/2024
Reviewed by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
