Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) II
Sipple syndrome; MEN II; Pheochromocytoma - MEN II; Thyroid cancer - pheochromocytoma; Parathyroid cancer - pheochromocytoma
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type II (MEN II) is a disorder passed down through families in which one or more of the endocrine glands are overactive or form a tumor. Endocrine glands most commonly involved include:
- Adrenal gland (about half the time)
- Parathyroid gland (20% of the time)
- Thyroid gland (almost all the time)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN I) is a related condition.
Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the rate of metabolism in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less hormone, the slower the activity).
Causes
The cause of MEN II is a defect in a gene called RET. This defect causes many tumors to appear in the same person, but not necessarily at the same time.
Involvement of the adrenal gland is most often with a tumor called a pheochromocytoma.
Involvement of the thyroid gland is most often with a tumor called medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
Tumors in the thyroid, adrenal, or parathyroid glands may occur years apart.
The disorder may occur at any age, and affects men and women equally. The main risk factor is a family history of MEN II.
There are two subtypes of MEN II. They are MEN IIa and IIb. MEN IIb is less common.
Symptoms
The symptoms may vary. However, they are similar to those of:
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid adenoma Parathyroid hyperplasia
Exams and Tests
To diagnose this condition, the health care provider looks for a mutation in the RET gene. This can be done with a blood test. Additional tests are done to determine which hormones are being overproduced.
A physical exam may reveal:
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck
- Fever
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Rapid heart rate
- Thyroid nodules
Imaging tests used to identify tumors may include:
- Abdominal CT scan
- Imaging of the kidneys or ureters
- MIBG scintiscan
- MRI of abdomen
- Thyroid scan
- Ultrasound of the thyroid
Blood and other tests are used to see how well certain glands in the body are working. They may include:
- Blood calcitonin level
- Blood alkaline phosphatase
- Blood calcium
- Blood parathyroid hormone level
- Blood phosphorus
- Urine catecholamines
- Urine metanephrine
Other tests or procedures that may be done include:
- Adrenal biopsy
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Thyroid biopsy
Treatment
Surgery is needed to remove a pheochromocytoma, which can be life threatening due to the hormones it makes.
For medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, the thyroid gland and surrounding lymph nodes must be totally removed. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is given after surgery.
If a child is known to carry the RET gene mutation, surgery to remove the thyroid before it becomes cancerous is considered. This should be discussed with a physician who is very familiar with this condition. It would be done at an early age (before age 5) in people with known MEN IIa, and before age 6 months in people with MEN IIb.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Pheochromocytoma is most often not cancerous (benign). Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is a very aggressive and potentially fatal cancer, but early diagnosis and surgery can often lead to a cure. Surgery does not cure the underlying MEN II.
Possible Complications
The spread of cancerous cells is a possible complication.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you notice symptoms of MEN II or if someone in your family receives such a diagnosis.
Prevention
Screening close relatives of people with MEN II may lead to early detection of the syndrome and related cancers. This may allow for steps to prevent complications.
References
Gild ML, Tsang V, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Robinson BG. Multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2 and 3, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Robertson RP, ed. DeGroot's Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 134.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network website. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors. Version 1.2023.
Newey PJ, Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 42.
Nieman LK, Spiegel AM. Polyglandular disorders. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 212.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 3/31/2024
Reviewed by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
