Radiation enteritis
Radiation enteropathy; Radiation-induced small bowel injury; Post-radiation enteritis
Radiation enteritis is damage to the lining of the intestines (bowels) caused by radiation therapy, which is used for some types of cancer treatment.
The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.
The digestive system organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
Causes
Radiation therapy uses high-powered x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells. The therapy may also damage healthy cells in the lining of the intestines.
People who have radiation therapy to the belly or pelvic area are at risk. These may include people with cervical, pancreatic, prostate, uterine, or colon or rectal cancer.
Symptoms
Symptoms may vary, depending on which part of the intestines received the radiation. Symptoms can be worse if:
- You have chemotherapy at the same time as the radiation.
- You receive stronger doses of radiation.
- A larger area of your intestines receives radiation.
Symptoms may occur during or shortly after or long after radiation treatment.
Changes in bowel movements may include:
- Bleeding or mucus from the rectum
- Diarrhea or watery stools
- Feeling the need to have a bowel movement most or all of the time
- Pain in the rectal area, especially during bowel movements
Other symptoms can include:
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
Most of the time, these symptoms get better within 2 to 3 months after radiation treatment ends. However, the condition may occur months or years after radiation therapy.
When symptoms become long-term (chronic), other problems may include:
- Abdominal pain
- Bloody diarrhea
- Greasy or fatty stools
- Weight loss
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history.
Tests may include:
Treatment
Starting a low-fiber diet on the first day of radiation treatment may help you avoid problems. The best choice of foods depends on your symptoms.
Some things can make symptoms worse, and should be avoided. These include:
- Alcohol and tobacco
- Almost all milk products
- Coffee, tea, chocolate, and sodas with caffeine
- Foods containing whole bran
- Fresh and dried fruits
- Fried, greasy, or fatty foods
- Nuts and seeds
- Popcorn, potato chips, and pretzels
- Raw vegetables
- Rich pastries and baked goods
- Some fruit juices
- Strong spices
Foods and drinks that are better choices include:
- Apple or grape juice
- Applesauce, peeled apples, and bananas
- Eggs, buttermilk, and yogurt
- Fish, poultry, and meat that has been broiled or roasted
- Mild, cooked vegetables, such as asparagus tips, green or black beans, carrots, spinach, and squash
- Potatoes that have been baked, boiled, or mashed
- Processed cheeses, such as American cheese
- Smooth peanut butter
- White bread, macaroni, or noodles
Your provider may have you use certain medicines such as:
- Drugs that help decrease diarrhea, such as loperamide
- Pain medicines
- Steroid foam that coats the lining of the rectum
- Special enzymes to replace enzymes from the pancreas
- Oral 5-aminosalicylates or metronidazole
- Rectal installation with hydrocortisone, sucralfate, 5-aminosalicylates
Other things you can do include:
- Eat foods at room temperature.
- Eat small meals more often.
- Drink plenty of fluids, up to 12 8-ounce (240 milliliter) glasses every day when you have diarrhea. Some people will need fluids given through a vein (intravenous fluids).
Your provider may choose to decrease your radiation for a short period of time.
There often are no good treatments for chronic radiation enteritis that is more severe.
- Medicines such as cholestyramine, diphenoxylate-atropine, loperamide, or sucralfate may help.
- Thermal therapy (argon laser probe, plasma coagulation, heater probe).
- You may need to consider surgery to either remove or go around (bypass) a section of damaged intestine.
Outlook (Prognosis)
When the abdomen receives radiation, there is always some nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In most cases, the symptoms get better within 2 to 3 months after treatment ends.
However, when this condition develops, symptoms may last for a long period of time. Long-term (chronic) enteritis is rarely curable.
Possible Complications
Complications may include:
- Bleeding and anemia
- Dehydration
- Iron deficiency
- Malabsorption
- Malnutrition
- Weight loss
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you are having radiation therapy or have had it in the past and are having a lot of diarrhea or stomach pain and cramping.
References
Kuemmerle JF. Inflammatory and anatomic diseases of the intestine, peritoneum, mesentery, and omentum. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 133.
National Cancer Institute website. Gastrointestinal complications PDQ – patient version.
Tanksley JP, Willett CG, Czito BG, Palta M. Acute and chronic gastrointestinal side effects of radiation therapy. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 41.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 5/4/2022
Reviewed by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
