Ascariasis
Intestinal parasite - ascariasis; Roundworm - ascariasis
Ascariasis is an infection with the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides.
Roundworms are the most common type of worm infection. It is estimated that there are 4,000,000 cases in the United States at any time. Infection is more common in warm climates. Eggs are passed in the stool of infected animals and contaminate the soil. Ingestion of contaminated soil then leads to roundworm infection. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)
The digestive system organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
Causes
People get ascariasis by consuming food or drink that is contaminated with roundworm eggs. Ascariasis is the most common intestinal worm infection. It is related to poor sanitation. People who live in places where human feces (stool) are used as fertilizer are also at risk for this disease.
Once consumed, the eggs hatch and release immature roundworms called larvae inside the small intestine. Within a few days, the larvae move through the bloodstream to the lungs. They travel up through the large airways of the lungs and are swallowed back into the stomach and small intestine.
As the larvae move through the lungs they may cause an uncommon form of pneumonia called eosinophilic pneumonia. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell. Once the larvae are back in the small intestine, they mature into adult roundworms. Adult worms live in the small intestine, where they lay eggs that are present in feces. They can live 10 to 24 months.
An estimated 1 billion people are infected worldwide. Ascariasis occurs in people of all ages, though children are affected more severely than adults.
Symptoms
Most of the time, there are no symptoms. If there are symptoms, they may include:
- Bloody sputum (mucus coughed up by the lower airways)
- Cough, wheezing
- Low-grade fever
- Passing worms in stool
- Shortness of breath
- Skin rash
- Stomach pain
- Vomiting or coughing up worms
- Worms leaving the body through the nose or mouth
Exams and Tests
The infected person may show signs of malnutrition. Tests to diagnose this condition include:
- Abdominal x-ray or other imaging tests
- Blood tests, including complete blood count and eosinophil count
- Stool exam to look for worms and worm eggs
Treatment
Treatment includes medicines such as albendazole that paralyze or kill intestinal parasitic worms.
If there is a blockage of the intestine caused by a large number of worms, a procedure called endoscopy may be used to remove the worms. In rare cases, surgery is needed.
People who are treated for roundworms should be checked again in 3 months. This involves examining the stools to check for eggs of the worm. If eggs are present, treatment should be given again.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most people recover from symptoms of the infection, even without treatment. But they may continue to carry the worms in their body.
Complications can be caused by adult worms that move to certain organs, such as the:
- Appendix
- Bile duct
- Pancreas
If the worms multiply, they can block the intestine.
Possible Complications
These complications may occur:
- Appendicitis
- Blockage in the bile ducts of the liver
- Blockage in the intestine
- Hole in the gut
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of ascariasis, particularly if you have traveled to an area where the disease is common. Also call if you have any of the following:
- Symptoms get worse
- Symptoms do not improve with treatment
- New symptoms occur
Prevention
Improved sanitation and hygiene in developing countries will reduce the risk in those areas. In places where ascariasis is common, people may be given deworming medicines as a preventive measure.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Parasites-ascariasis.
Mejia R, Weatherhead J, Hotez PJ. Intestinal nematodes (roundworms). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 286.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 12/4/2022
Reviewed by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
