Polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycystic ovaries; Polycystic ovary disease; Stein-Leventhal syndrome; Polyfollicular ovarian disease; PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which a woman has increased levels of male hormones (androgens). Many problems occur as a result of this increase of hormones, including:
- Menstrual irregularities
- Infertility
- Skin problems, such as acne and increased hair growth
- Increased number of small cysts in the ovaries
- Insulin resistance, with an increased risk of developing diabetes
Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the rate of metabolism in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less hormone, the slower the activity).
Laparoscopy is performed when less-invasive surgery is desired. It is also called Band-Aid surgery because only small incisions need to be made to accommodate the small surgical instruments that are used to view the abdominal contents and perform the surgery.
External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal structures include the uterus, ovaries, and cervix.
Stein-Leventhal syndrome is an accumulation of incompletely developed follicles in the ovaries. The condition may be characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, absent menses, multiple cysts on the ovaries, and infertility.
The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
Normal egg release from the ovaries, shown in stages of development.
Causes
PCOS is linked to changes in hormone levels that make it harder for the ovaries to release fully-grown (mature) eggs. The reasons for these changes are unclear. The hormones affected are:
- Estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones that help a woman's ovaries release eggs
- Androgen, a male hormone that is found in small amounts in women
Normally, one or more eggs are released during a woman's cycle. This is known as ovulation. In most cases, this release of eggs occurs about 2 weeks after the start of a menstrual period.
In many women with PCOS, mature eggs are not released. Instead, they stay in the ovaries with a small amount of fluid (cyst) around them. The affected ovary may be slightly enlarged. There can be many of these. However, not all women with the condition will have ovaries with this appearance.
Women with PCOS have cycles where ovulation does not occur every month which may contribute to infertility The other symptoms of this disorder are due to the high levels of male hormones.
Most of the time, PCOS is diagnosed in women in their 20s or 30s. However, it may also affect teenage girls. The symptoms often begin when a girl's periods start. Women with this disorder often have a mother or sister who has similar symptoms.
Symptoms
Symptoms of PCOS include changes in the menstrual cycle, such as:
- Not getting a period after you have had one or more normal ones during puberty (secondary amenorrhea)
- Irregular periods that may come and go, and be very light to very heavy
Other symptoms of PCOS include:
- Extra body hair that grows on the chest, belly, face, and around the nipples
- Acne on the face, chest, or back
- Skin changes, such as dark or thick skin markings and creases around the armpits, groin, neck, and breasts
The development of male characteristics is not typical of PCOS and may indicate another problem. The following changes may indicate another problem apart from PCOS:
- Thinning hair on the head at the temples, called male pattern baldness
- Enlargement of the clitoris
- Deepening of the voice
- Decrease in breast size
Exams and Tests
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. This will include a pelvic exam. The exam may show:
- Enlarged ovaries with many small cysts noted on ultrasound
- Enlarged clitoris (very rare)
The following health conditions are common in women with PCOS:
- Insulin resistance and diabetes
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Weight gain and obesity
Your provider will check your weight and body mass index (BMI) and measure your belly size.
Blood tests can be done to check hormone levels. These tests may include:
- Estrogen level
- FSH level
- LH level
- Male hormone (testosterone) level
- Progesterone level
Other blood tests that may be done include:
- Fasting glucose (blood sugar) and other tests for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance
- Lipid level
- Pregnancy test (serum hCG)
- Prolactin level
- Thyroid function tests
Your provider may also perform or order an ultrasound of your pelvis to look at your ovaries.
Treatment
Weight gain and obesity are common in women with PCOS. Losing even a small amount of weight can help treat:
- Hormone changes
- Conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol
Your provider may prescribe birth control pills to make your periods more regular. These pills may also help reduce abnormal hair growth and acne if you take them for several months. Long acting methods of contraception hormones, such as hormone releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs), may help to stop irregular periods and the abnormal growth of the uterine lining.
A diabetes medicine called metformin (Glucophage) may also be prescribed to:
- Make your periods regular
- Prevent type 2 diabetes
- Help you lose weight
Other medicines that may be prescribed to help make your periods regular and help you get pregnant are:
- LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs
- Clomiphene citrate or letrozole, which may allow your ovaries to release eggs and improve your chance of pregnancy
These medicines work better if your body mass index (BMI) is 30 kilograms per square meter or less (below the obese range).
Your provider may also suggest other treatments for abnormal hair growth. Some are:
- Spironolactone or flutamide pills
- Eflornithine cream
Effective methods of hair removal include electrolysis and laser hair removal. However, many treatments may be needed. Treatments are expensive and the results are often not permanent.
A pelvic laparoscopy may be done to remove or alter an ovary to treat infertility. This improves the chances of releasing an egg. The effects are temporary.
Outlook (Prognosis)
With treatment, women with PCOS are very often able to get pregnant. During pregnancy, there is an increased risk of:
- Miscarriage
- High blood pressure
- Gestational diabetes
Possible Complications
Women with PCOS are more likely to develop:
- Endometrial cancer
- Infertility
- Diabetes
- Obesity-related complications
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you have symptoms of this disorder.
References
Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 17.
Catherino WH. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 218.
Lobo RA. Polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 39.
Zi-Jiang C, Legro RS, Ehrmann DA, Wei D. Androgen excess disorders in women. In: Robertson RP, ed. DeGroot's Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 124.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 3/31/2024
Reviewed by: LaQuita Martinez, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory Johns Creek Hospital, Alpharetta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
