Toxic megacolon
Toxic dilation of the colon; Megarectum; Inflammatory bowel disease - toxic megacolon; Crohn disease - toxic megacolon; Ulcerative colitis - toxic megacolon
Toxic megacolon occurs when swelling and inflammation spread into the deeper layers of your colon. As a result, the colon stops working and widens. In severe cases, the colon may rupture.
The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.
Toxic megacolon is characterized by extreme inflammation and distention of the colon. Common symptoms are pain, distention of the abdomen, fever, rapid heart rate, and dehydration. This is a life-threatening complication that requires immediate medical treatment.
The inflammation of Crohn disease is nearly always found in the ileocecal region. The ileocecal region consists of the last few inches of the small intestine (the ileum), which moves digesting food to the beginning portion of the large intestine (the cecum). However, Crohn disease can occur anywhere along the digestive tract.
Ulcerative colitis is categorized according to location. Proctitis involves only the rectum. Proctosigmoiditis affects the rectum and sigmoid colon. Left-sided colitis encompasses the entire left side of the large intestine. Pancolitis inflames the entire colon.
The digestive system organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
Causes
The term "toxic" means that this problem is very dangerous. Toxic megacolon may occur in people with an inflamed colon due to:
- Ulcerative colitis, or Crohn disease that is not well controlled
- Infections of the colon such as Clostridioides difficile
- Ischemic bowel disease (ischemic colitis)
Other forms of megacolon include pseudo-obstruction, acute colonic ileus, or congenital colonic dilation. These conditions do not involve an infected or inflamed colon.
Symptoms
The rapid widening of the colon may cause the following symptoms to occur over a short period of time:
- Painful, distended abdomen
- Fever (sepsis)
- Diarrhea (usually bloody)
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Findings may include:
- Tenderness in the abdomen
- Reduced or absent bowel sounds
The exam may reveal signs of septic shock, such as:
- Increased heart rate
- Mental status changes
- Rapid heart rate
- Low blood pressure
The provider may order any of the following tests:
- Abdominal x-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI scan
- Blood electrolytes
- Complete blood count
Treatment
Treatment of the disorder that led to toxic megacolon includes:
- Steroids and other medicines that suppress the immune system
- Antibiotics
If you have septic shock, you will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the hospital. Treatment may include:
- Breathing machine (mechanical ventilation)
- Dialysis for kidney failure
- Fluids given directly into a vein
- Medicines to treat low blood pressure, infection, or prior blood clotting
- Oxygen
If rapid colon widening is not treated, an opening or rupture can form in it. If the condition doesn't improve with medical treatment, surgery will be needed to remove part or all of the colon.
You may receive antibiotics to prevent sepsis (a severe infection).
Outlook (Prognosis)
If the condition does not improve, it can be fatal. Colon surgery is usually needed in such cases.
Possible Complications
Complications may include:
- Perforation of the colon
- Sepsis
- Shock
- Death
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you develop severe abdominal pain, especially if you also have:
- Bloody diarrhea
- Fever
- Frequent diarrhea
- Rapid heart rate
- Tenderness when the abdomen is pressed
- Abdominal distention
Prevention
Treating diseases that cause toxic megacolon, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, can prevent this condition.
References
Efron JE. Large bowel: Management of toxic megacolon. In: Cameron J, ed. Current Surgical Therapy. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:177-286.
Lichtenstein GR. Inflammatory bowel disease. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 127.
Thomas N, Wu AW. Large intestine. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 81.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 12/31/2023
Reviewed by: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
