Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is the care of eye and vision. In addition to prescribing and fitting glasses and contacts to correct vision problems, ophthalmologists also treat eye diseases (such as glaucoma) and perform eye surgery.
Diseases & Conditions
Age-related macular degeneration
Macular degeneration is an eye disorder that slowly destroys sharp, central vision. This makes it difficult to see fine details and read. The disease is most common in people over age 60, which is why it...
Diseases & Conditions
Allergic conjunctivitis
The conjunctiva is a clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes swollen or inflamed due to a reaction to pollen...
Diseases & Conditions
Amblyopia
Amblyopia is the loss of the ability to see clearly through one eye. It is also called "lazy eye. " It is the most common cause of vision problems in children.
Diseases & Conditions
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error of the eye. Refractive errors cause blurred vision. They are the most common reason why a person goes to see an eye professional. Other types of refractive errors...
Diseases & Conditions
Blepharitis
Blepharitis is manifest by inflamed, irritated, itchy, and reddened eyelids. It most often occurs where the eyelashes grow. Dandruff-like debris builds up at the base of the eyelashes as well.
Diseases & Conditions
Blocked tear duct
A blocked tear duct is a partial or complete blockage in the pathway that carries tears from the surface of the eye into the nose.
Diseases & Conditions
Cataract - adult
A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye.
Diseases & Conditions
Central serous choroidopathy
Central serous choroidopathy is a disease that causes fluid to build up under the retina. This is the back part of the inner eye that sends sight information to the brain. The fluid leaks from the blood...
Diseases & Conditions
Chalazion
A chalazion is a small bump in the eyelid caused by a blockage of a tiny oil gland.
Diseases & Conditions
Choroidal dystrophies
Choroidal dystrophies are eye disorders that involve a layer of blood vessels called the choroid. These vessels are between the sclera (the white of the eye) and retina (the black of the eye). choroid sclera...
Diseases & Conditions
Color blindness
Color blindness is the inability to see some colors in the usual way.
Diseases & Conditions
Congenital cataract
A congenital cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye that is present at birth. The lens of the eye is normally clear. It focuses light that comes into the eye onto the retina. cataract retina
Diseases & Conditions
Conjunctivitis or pink eye
The conjunctiva is a clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes swollen or inflamed. conjunctiva This swelling can be...
Diseases & Conditions
Corneal injury
Corneal injury is a wound to the part of the eye known as the cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue that covers the front of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images...
Diseases & Conditions
Corneal ulcers and infections
The cornea is the clear tissue at the front of the eye. A corneal ulcer is an open sore in the outer layer of the cornea. It is often caused by infection. At first, a corneal ulcer may seem like conjunctivitis...
Diseases & Conditions
Dacryoadenitis
Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the tear-producing gland (lacrimal gland).
Diseases & Conditions
Diabetes and eye disease
Diabetes can harm the eyes. It can damage the small blood vessels in the retina, the back part of your eye. This condition is called diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes also increases the chance of having glaucoma...
Diseases & Conditions
Dry eye syndrome
You need tears to moisten the eyes and to wash away particles that have gotten into your eyes. A healthy tear film on the eye is necessary for good vision. Dry eyes develop when the eye is unable to maintain...
Diseases & Conditions
Ectropion
Ectropion is the turning out of the eyelid so that the inner surface is exposed. It most often affects the lower eyelid.
Diseases & Conditions
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis involves swelling (inflammation) within the eyeball. It is a serious condition.
Diseases & Conditions
Entropion
Entropion is the turning in of an edge of an eyelid. This causes the lashes to rub against the eye. It most often is seen on the lower eyelid.
Diseases & Conditions
Episcleritis
Episcleritis is irritation and inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the white part (sclera) of the eye. It is not an infection.
Diseases & Conditions
Eyelid bump
Most bumps on the eyelid are styes. A stye is an inflamed oil gland on the edge of your eyelid, where the eyelash meets the lid. It appears as a red, swollen bump that looks like a pimple. It is often tender...
Diseases & Conditions
Eyelid drooping
Eyelid drooping is excess sagging of the upper eyelid. The edge of the upper eyelid may be lower than it should be (ptosis) or there may be excess baggy skin in the upper eyelid (dermatochalasis). Eyelid...
Diseases & Conditions
Eyelid twitch
An eyelid twitch is a general term for spasms of the eyelid muscles. These spasms happen without your control. The eyelid may repeatedly close (or nearly close) and reopen. This article discusses eyelid...
Diseases & Conditions
Farsightedness
Farsightedness is having a harder time seeing objects that are close than things that are far away. The term is often used to describe the need for reading glasses as you get older. However, the correct...
Diseases & Conditions
Fuchs dystrophy
Fuchs (pronounced "fooks") dystrophy is an eye disease in which cells lining the inner surface of the cornea slowly start to die off. The disease most often affects both eyes.
Diseases & Conditions
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve. This nerve sends the images you see to your brain. Most often, optic nerve damage is caused by increased pressure in the eye. This...
Diseases & Conditions
High blood pressure and eye disease
High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the retina. The retina is the layer of tissue at the back part of the eye. It changes light and images that enter the eye into nerve signals that are sent...
Diseases & Conditions
Hyphema
Hyphema is blood in the front area (anterior chamber) of the eye. The blood collects behind the cornea and in front of the iris.
Diseases & Conditions
Interstitial keratitis
Interstitial keratitis is inflammation of the tissue of the cornea, the clear window on the front of the eye. This condition can lead to vision loss.
Diseases & Conditions
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is an eye disease that affects the structure of the cornea. The cornea is the clear tissue that covers the front of the eye. With this condition, the shape of the cornea slowly changes from...
Diseases & Conditions
Lacrimal gland tumor
A lacrimal gland tumor is a tumor in one of the glands that produces tears. The lacrimal gland is located under the outer part of each eyebrow. Lacrimal gland tumors can be harmless (benign) or cancerous...
Diseases & Conditions
Meibomianitis
Meibomianitis is inflammation of the meibomian glands, a group of oil-releasing (sebaceous) glands in the eyelids. These glands have tiny openings to release oils onto the surface of the cornea.
Diseases & Conditions
Nearsightedness
Nearsightedness is when light entering the eye is focused incorrectly. This makes distant objects appear blurred. Nearsightedness is a type of refractive error of the eye. If you are nearsighted, you have...
Diseases & Conditions
Neuromyelitis optica
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a disorder of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. NMO causes inflammation and damage to the optic nerve and spinal...
Diseases & Conditions
Optic nerve atrophy
Optic nerve atrophy is damage to the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries images of what the eye sees to the brain.
Diseases & Conditions
Optic neuritis
The optic nerve carries images of what the eye sees to the brain. When this nerve become swollen or inflamed, it is called optic neuritis. It may cause sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye.
Diseases & Conditions
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the fat and muscles around the eye. It affects the eyelids, eyebrows, and cheeks. It may begin suddenly or be a result of an infection that gradually becomes worse...
Diseases & Conditions
Orbital pseudotumor
Orbital pseudotumor is the swelling of tissue behind the eye in an area called the orbit. The orbit is the hollow space in the skull where the eye sits. The orbit protects the eyeball and the muscles and...
Diseases & Conditions
Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome
Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome is an eye problem that is similar to conjunctivitis ("pink eye"). It most often affects only one eye. It occurs with swollen lymph nodes and an illness with a fever. swollen...
Diseases & Conditions
Periorbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis is an infection of the eyelid or skin around the eye.
Diseases & Conditions
Pinguecula
A pingueculum is a common, noncancerous growth of the conjunctiva. This is the clear, thin tissue that covers the white part of the eye (sclera). The growth occurs in the part of the conjunctiva that is...
Diseases & Conditions
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus. This makes it hard to see objects up close.
Diseases & Conditions
Pterygium
A pterygium is a noncancerous growth that starts in the clear, thin tissue (conjunctiva) of the eye. This growth covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and extends onto the cornea. It is often slightly...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinal artery occlusion
Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage in one of the small arteries that carry blood to the retina. The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is able to sense light. retina
Diseases & Conditions
Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment is a separation of the light-sensitive membrane (retina) in the back of the eye from its supporting layers.
Diseases & Conditions
Retinal vein occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion is a blockage of the small veins that carry blood away from the retina. The retina is the layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye that converts light images to nerve signals...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is an eye disease in which there is damage to the retina. The retina is the layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye. This layer converts light images to nerve signals and sends...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye tumor that usually occurs in children. It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor of the part of the eye called the retina.
Diseases & Conditions
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is abnormal blood vessel development in the retina of the eye in infants that are born too early (premature). premature
Diseases & Conditions
Scleritis
The sclera is the white outer wall of the eye. Scleritis is present when this area becomes swollen or inflamed.
Diseases & Conditions
Strabismus
Strabismus is a disorder in which both eyes do not line up in the same direction. Therefore, they do not look at the same object at the same time. The most common form of strabismus is known as "crossed...
Diseases & Conditions
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhage is a bright red patch appearing in the white of the eye. This condition is one of several disorders called red eye.
Diseases & Conditions
Trachoma
Trachoma is an infection of the eye caused by bacteria called chlamydia.
Diseases & Conditions
Uveitis
Uveitis is swelling and inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uvea supplies blood for the iris at the front of the eye and the retina in the back of the eye...
Diseases & Conditions
Vernal conjunctivitis
Vernal conjunctivitis is long-term (chronic) swelling (inflammation) of the outer lining of the eyes. It is due to an allergic reaction. allergic reaction
Special Topics
Blindness - resources
Special Topics
Ciliary body
The ciliary body is a circular structure that is an extension of the iris, the colored part of the eye. The ciliary body produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor. It also contains the ciliary...
Special Topics
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball (the sclera). It contains many tiny blood vessels. sclera Inflammation of the conjunctiva...
Special Topics
Eye - foreign object in
Special Topics
Eye floaters
Special Topics
Iris
The iris is the colored part of the eye. It is located between the cornea and lens. The round, central opening of the iris is called the pupil. Very small muscles in the iris cause the pupil to get smaller...
Special Topics
Macula lutea
When an eye is looking directly at an object, light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. This is a yellow oval spot ("lutea" is Latin for "yellow") at the center of the retina (back of...
Special Topics
Neuroretinitis
Neuroretinitis is inflammation of the retina and optic nerve of the eye. The condition can be caused by bacteria, viruses or autoimmune disease. It shares some features of optic neuritis. There is mostly...
Special Topics
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genes affect the way medicines work in a person. Your health care provider can use the information from pharmacogenetic testing to prescribe medicines that will work...
Special Topics
Potential acuity meter
A potential acuity meter is an instrument used to examine the eyes. Your health care provider can use this tool to predict how well you may see after eye surgery. People who have reduced vision due to cataracts...
Special Topics
Retina
The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball. Images that come through the eye's lens are focused on the retina. The retina then converts these images to electric signals...
Special Topics
Sclera
The sclera is the white outer coating of the eye. It is tough, fibrous tissue that extends from the cornea (the clear front section of the eye) to the optic nerve at the back of the eye. The sclera gives...
Special Topics
Uvea
The uvea is the middle layer of the eye. It lies beneath the white part of the eye (the sclera). It is made of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. These structures control many eye functions, including...
Surgery
Cataract removal
Cataract removal is surgery to remove a clouded lens (cataract) from the eye. Cataracts are removed to help you see better. The procedure almost always includes placing an artificial lens in the eye. cataract
Surgery
Corneal transplant
The cornea is the clear outer lens on the front of the eye. A corneal transplant is surgery to replace the cornea with tissue from a donor. It is one of the most common transplants done.
Surgery
Eye muscle repair
Eye muscle repair is surgery to correct eye muscle problems that cause strabismus (crossed eyes). strabismus
Surgery
Eyelid lift
Eyelid lift surgery is done to repair sagging or drooping upper eyelids (ptosis) and remove excess skin from the eyelids. The surgery is called ptosis repair and blepharoplasty. ptosis Sagging or drooping...
Surgery
Intravitreal injection
An intravitreal injection is a shot of medicine into the eye. The inside of the eye is filled with a jelly-like fluid (vitreous). During this procedure, your health care provider (usually an ophthalmologist...
Surgery
LASIK eye surgery
LASIK is eye surgery that permanently changes the shape of the cornea (the clear covering on the front of the eye). It is done to improve vision and reduce a person's need for glasses or contact lenses...
Surgery
Laser photocoagulation - eye
Laser photocoagulation is eye surgery using a laser to shrink or destroy abnormal structures in the retina, or to intentionally cause scarring that can help certain eye conditions.
Surgery
Retinal detachment repair
Retinal detachment repair is eye surgery to place a retina back into its normal position. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye. Detachment means that it has pulled away from the...
Tests
Color vision test
A color vision test checks your ability to distinguish between different colors.
Tests
Electroretinography
Electroretinography is a test to measure the electrical response of the eye's light-sensitive cells, called rods and cones. These cells are part of the retina (the back part of the eye).
Tests
Extraocular muscle function testing
Extraocular muscle function testing examines the function of the eye muscles. A health care provider observes the movement of the eyes in eight specific directions.
Tests
Fluorescein angiography
Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid. These are the two layers in the back of the eye. retina choroid
Tests
Fluorescein eye stain
This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. This test can also detect damage to the cornea. The cornea is the outer surface of the eye.
Tests
Home vision tests
Home vision tests measure the ability to see fine detail.
Tests
Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy is an examination of the back part of the eye (fundus), which includes the retina, optic disc, choroid, and blood vessels. retina choroid
Tests
Orbit CT scan
A computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbit is an imaging method. It uses x-rays to create detailed pictures of the eye sockets (orbits), eyes and surrounding bones.
Tests
Pharmacogenetic testing
Pharmacogenetic testing provides information about your genes and how they control your response to certain medicines. Your genes can affect the desired result of a drug. Your provider can use the information...
Tests
Refraction
A refraction is an eye exam that measures a person's prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses.
Tests
Schirmer test
The Schirmer test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to keep it moist.
Tests
Slit-lamp exam
The slit-lamp examination looks at structures that are at the front of the eye.
Tests
Standard eye exam
A standard eye exam is a series of tests done to check your vision and the health of your eyes.
Tests
Tonometry
Tonometry is a test to measure the pressure inside your eyes. The test is used to screen for glaucoma. It is also used to measure how well glaucoma treatment is working. glaucoma
Tests
Visual acuity test
The visual acuity test is used to determine the smallest letters you can read on a standardized chart (Snellen chart) or a card held 20 feet (6 meters) away. Special charts are used when testing at distances...
Tests
Visual field
The visual field refers to the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point. This article describes the test that measures your visual...
Diseases & Conditions
Age-related macular degeneration
Macular degeneration is an eye disorder that slowly destroys sharp, central vision. This makes it difficult to see fine details and read. The disease is most common in people over age 60, which is why it...
Diseases & Conditions
Allergic conjunctivitis
The conjunctiva is a clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes swollen or inflamed due to a reaction to pollen...
Diseases & Conditions
Amblyopia
Amblyopia is the loss of the ability to see clearly through one eye. It is also called "lazy eye. " It is the most common cause of vision problems in children.
Diseases & Conditions
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error of the eye. Refractive errors cause blurred vision. They are the most common reason why a person goes to see an eye professional. Other types of refractive errors...
Diseases & Conditions
Blepharitis
Blepharitis is manifest by inflamed, irritated, itchy, and reddened eyelids. It most often occurs where the eyelashes grow. Dandruff-like debris builds up at the base of the eyelashes as well.
Special Topics
Blindness - resources
Symptoms
Blindness and vision loss
Blindness is a lack of vision. It may also refer to a loss of vision that cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. Partial blindness means you have very limited vision.Complete blindness means...
Diseases & Conditions
Blocked tear duct
A blocked tear duct is a partial or complete blockage in the pathway that carries tears from the surface of the eye into the nose.
Diseases & Conditions
Cataract - adult
A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye.
Surgery
Cataract removal
Cataract removal is surgery to remove a clouded lens (cataract) from the eye. Cataracts are removed to help you see better. The procedure almost always includes placing an artificial lens in the eye. cataract
In-depth Report
Cataracts - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cataracts.
Questions To Ask Your Doctor
Cataracts - what to ask your doctor
What to ask your doctor about cataracts; Lens implants - what to ask your doctor
Diseases & Conditions
Central serous choroidopathy
Central serous choroidopathy is a disease that causes fluid to build up under the retina. This is the back part of the inner eye that sends sight information to the brain. The fluid leaks from the blood...
Diseases & Conditions
Chalazion
A chalazion is a small bump in the eyelid caused by a blockage of a tiny oil gland.
Symptoms
Chemosis
Chemosis is swelling of the tissue that lines the eyelids and surface of the eye (conjunctiva).
Diseases & Conditions
Choroidal dystrophies
Choroidal dystrophies are eye disorders that involve a layer of blood vessels called the choroid. These vessels are between the sclera (the white of the eye) and retina (the black of the eye). choroid sclera...
Special Topics
Ciliary body
The ciliary body is a circular structure that is an extension of the iris, the colored part of the eye. The ciliary body produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor. It also contains the ciliary...
Symptoms
Cloudy cornea
A cloudy cornea is a loss of transparency of the cornea.
Symptoms
Coloboma of the iris
Coloboma of the iris is a hole or defect of the iris of the eye. Most colobomas are present since birth (congenital). iris
Diseases & Conditions
Color blindness
Color blindness is the inability to see some colors in the usual way.
Tests
Color vision test
A color vision test checks your ability to distinguish between different colors.
Diseases & Conditions
Congenital cataract
A congenital cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye that is present at birth. The lens of the eye is normally clear. It focuses light that comes into the eye onto the retina. cataract retina
Special Topics
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball (the sclera). It contains many tiny blood vessels. sclera Inflammation of the conjunctiva...
Diseases & Conditions
Conjunctivitis or pink eye
The conjunctiva is a clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes swollen or inflamed. conjunctiva This swelling can be...
Diseases & Conditions
Corneal injury
Corneal injury is a wound to the part of the eye known as the cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue that covers the front of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images...
Surgery
Corneal transplant
The cornea is the clear outer lens on the front of the eye. A corneal transplant is surgery to replace the cornea with tissue from a donor. It is one of the most common transplants done.
Discharge Instructions
Corneal transplant - discharge
Keratoplasty - discharge; Penetrating keratoplasty - discharge; Lamellar keratoplasty - discharge; DSEK - discharge; DMEK - discharge
Diseases & Conditions
Corneal ulcers and infections
The cornea is the clear tissue at the front of the eye. A corneal ulcer is an open sore in the outer layer of the cornea. It is often caused by infection. At first, a corneal ulcer may seem like conjunctivitis...
Diseases & Conditions
Dacryoadenitis
Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the tear-producing gland (lacrimal gland).
Diseases & Conditions
Diabetes and eye disease
Diabetes can harm the eyes. It can damage the small blood vessels in the retina, the back part of your eye. This condition is called diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes also increases the chance of having glaucoma...
Self-Care Instructions
Diabetes eye care
Diabetic retinopathy - care
Self-Care Instructions
Diabetes eye exams
Diabetic retinopathy - eye exams; Diabetes - eye exams; Glaucoma - diabetic eye exam; Macular edema - diabetic eye exam
Diseases & Conditions
Dry eye syndrome
You need tears to moisten the eyes and to wash away particles that have gotten into your eyes. A healthy tear film on the eye is necessary for good vision. Dry eyes develop when the eye is unable to maintain...
Diseases & Conditions
Ectropion
Ectropion is the turning out of the eyelid so that the inner surface is exposed. It most often affects the lower eyelid.
Tests
Electroretinography
Electroretinography is a test to measure the electrical response of the eye's light-sensitive cells, called rods and cones. These cells are part of the retina (the back part of the eye).
Diseases & Conditions
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis involves swelling (inflammation) within the eyeball. It is a serious condition.
Diseases & Conditions
Entropion
Entropion is the turning in of an edge of an eyelid. This causes the lashes to rub against the eye. It most often is seen on the lower eyelid.
Diseases & Conditions
Episcleritis
Episcleritis is irritation and inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the white part (sclera) of the eye. It is not an infection.
Tests
Extraocular muscle function testing
Extraocular muscle function testing examines the function of the eye muscles. A health care provider observes the movement of the eyes in eight specific directions.
Special Topics
Eye - foreign object in
Symptoms
Eye burning - itching and discharge
Eye burning with discharge is burning, itching, or drainage from the eye of any substance other than tears.
Injury
Eye emergencies
Eye emergencies include cuts, scratches, objects in the eye, burns, chemical exposure, and blunt injuries to the eye or eyelid. Certain eye infections and other medical conditions, such as blood clots or...
Special Topics
Eye floaters
Surgery
Eye muscle repair
Eye muscle repair is surgery to correct eye muscle problems that cause strabismus (crossed eyes). strabismus
Discharge Instructions
Eye muscle repair - discharge
Repair of cross-eye - discharge; Resection and recession - discharge; Lazy eye repair - discharge; Strabismus repair - discharge; Extraocular muscle surgery - discharge
Symptoms
Eye pain
Pain in the eye may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also feel like you have a foreign object in your eye. This article discusses eye pain...
Symptoms
Eye redness
Eye redness is most often due to swollen or dilated blood vessels. This makes the surface of the eye look red or bloodshot.
Diseases & Conditions
Eyelid bump
Most bumps on the eyelid are styes. A stye is an inflamed oil gland on the edge of your eyelid, where the eyelash meets the lid. It appears as a red, swollen bump that looks like a pimple. It is often tender...
Diseases & Conditions
Eyelid drooping
Eyelid drooping is excess sagging of the upper eyelid. The edge of the upper eyelid may be lower than it should be (ptosis) or there may be excess baggy skin in the upper eyelid (dermatochalasis). Eyelid...
Surgery
Eyelid lift
Eyelid lift surgery is done to repair sagging or drooping upper eyelids (ptosis) and remove excess skin from the eyelids. The surgery is called ptosis repair and blepharoplasty. ptosis Sagging or drooping...
Diseases & Conditions
Eyelid twitch
An eyelid twitch is a general term for spasms of the eyelid muscles. These spasms happen without your control. The eyelid may repeatedly close (or nearly close) and reopen. This article discusses eyelid...
Symptoms
Eyes - bulging
Bulging eyes is the abnormal protrusion (bulging out) of one or both eyeballs.
Diseases & Conditions
Farsightedness
Farsightedness is having a harder time seeing objects that are close than things that are far away. The term is often used to describe the need for reading glasses as you get older. However, the correct...
Tests
Fluorescein angiography
Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid. These are the two layers in the back of the eye. retina choroid
Tests
Fluorescein eye stain
This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. This test can also detect damage to the cornea. The cornea is the outer surface of the eye.
Diseases & Conditions
Fuchs dystrophy
Fuchs (pronounced "fooks") dystrophy is an eye disease in which cells lining the inner surface of the cornea slowly start to die off. The disease most often affects both eyes.
Diseases & Conditions
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve. This nerve sends the images you see to your brain. Most often, optic nerve damage is caused by increased pressure in the eye. This...
In-depth Report
Glaucoma - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of glaucoma.
Symptoms
Heterochromia
Heterochromia is different colored eyes in the same person.
Diseases & Conditions
High blood pressure and eye disease
High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the retina. The retina is the layer of tissue at the back part of the eye. It changes light and images that enter the eye into nerve signals that are sent...
Tests
Home vision tests
Home vision tests measure the ability to see fine detail.
Diseases & Conditions
Hyphema
Hyphema is blood in the front area (anterior chamber) of the eye. The blood collects behind the cornea and in front of the iris.
Diseases & Conditions
Interstitial keratitis
Interstitial keratitis is inflammation of the tissue of the cornea, the clear window on the front of the eye. This condition can lead to vision loss.
Surgery
Intravitreal injection
An intravitreal injection is a shot of medicine into the eye. The inside of the eye is filled with a jelly-like fluid (vitreous). During this procedure, your health care provider (usually an ophthalmologist...
Special Topics
Iris
The iris is the colored part of the eye. It is located between the cornea and lens. The round, central opening of the iris is called the pupil. Very small muscles in the iris cause the pupil to get smaller...
Diseases & Conditions
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is an eye disease that affects the structure of the cornea. The cornea is the clear tissue that covers the front of the eye. With this condition, the shape of the cornea slowly changes from...
Surgery
LASIK eye surgery
LASIK is eye surgery that permanently changes the shape of the cornea (the clear covering on the front of the eye). It is done to improve vision and reduce a person's need for glasses or contact lenses...
Diseases & Conditions
Lacrimal gland tumor
A lacrimal gland tumor is a tumor in one of the glands that produces tears. The lacrimal gland is located under the outer part of each eyebrow. Lacrimal gland tumors can be harmless (benign) or cancerous...
Surgery
Laser photocoagulation - eye
Laser photocoagulation is eye surgery using a laser to shrink or destroy abnormal structures in the retina, or to intentionally cause scarring that can help certain eye conditions.
Discharge Instructions
Lasik eye surgery - discharge
Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis - discharge; Laser vision correction - discharge; LASIK - discharge; Myopia - Lasik discharge; Nearsightedness - Lasik discharge; Hyperopia - Lasik discharge; Farsightedness...
Self-Care Instructions
Living with vision loss
Diabetes - vision loss; Retinopathy - vision loss; Low vision; Blindness - vision loss
Special Topics
Macula lutea
When an eye is looking directly at an object, light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. This is a yellow oval spot ("lutea" is Latin for "yellow") at the center of the retina (back of...
Diseases & Conditions
Meibomianitis
Meibomianitis is inflammation of the meibomian glands, a group of oil-releasing (sebaceous) glands in the eyelids. These glands have tiny openings to release oils onto the surface of the cornea.
Symptoms
Metopic ridge
A metopic ridge is an abnormal shape of the skull. The ridge can be seen on the forehead.
Diseases & Conditions
Nearsightedness
Nearsightedness is when light entering the eye is focused incorrectly. This makes distant objects appear blurred. Nearsightedness is a type of refractive error of the eye. If you are nearsighted, you have...
Diseases & Conditions
Neuromyelitis optica
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a disorder of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. NMO causes inflammation and damage to the optic nerve and spinal...
Special Topics
Neuroretinitis
Neuroretinitis is inflammation of the retina and optic nerve of the eye. The condition can be caused by bacteria, viruses or autoimmune disease. It shares some features of optic neuritis. There is mostly...
Symptoms
Nystagmus
Nystagmus is a term to describe uncontrollable movements of the eyes that may be: Side to side (horizontal nystagmus)Up and down (vertical nystagmus)Rotary (rotary or torsional nystagmus) Side to side ...
Self-Care Instructions
Oculoplastic procedures
Eye surgery - oculoplastic
Tests
Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy is an examination of the back part of the eye (fundus), which includes the retina, optic disc, choroid, and blood vessels. retina choroid
Diseases & Conditions
Optic nerve atrophy
Optic nerve atrophy is damage to the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries images of what the eye sees to the brain.
Diseases & Conditions
Optic neuritis
The optic nerve carries images of what the eye sees to the brain. When this nerve become swollen or inflamed, it is called optic neuritis. It may cause sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye.
Tests
Orbit CT scan
A computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbit is an imaging method. It uses x-rays to create detailed pictures of the eye sockets (orbits), eyes and surrounding bones.
Diseases & Conditions
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the fat and muscles around the eye. It affects the eyelids, eyebrows, and cheeks. It may begin suddenly or be a result of an infection that gradually becomes worse...
Diseases & Conditions
Orbital pseudotumor
Orbital pseudotumor is the swelling of tissue behind the eye in an area called the orbit. The orbit is the hollow space in the skull where the eye sits. The orbit protects the eyeball and the muscles and...
Diseases & Conditions
Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome
Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome is an eye problem that is similar to conjunctivitis ("pink eye"). It most often affects only one eye. It occurs with swollen lymph nodes and an illness with a fever. swollen...
Diseases & Conditions
Periorbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis is an infection of the eyelid or skin around the eye.
Tests
Pharmacogenetic testing
Pharmacogenetic testing provides information about your genes and how they control your response to certain medicines. Your genes can affect the desired result of a drug. Your provider can use the information...
Special Topics
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genes affect the way medicines work in a person. Your health care provider can use the information from pharmacogenetic testing to prescribe medicines that will work...
Symptoms
Photophobia
Photophobia is eye discomfort in bright light.
Diseases & Conditions
Pinguecula
A pingueculum is a common, noncancerous growth of the conjunctiva. This is the clear, thin tissue that covers the white part of the eye (sclera). The growth occurs in the part of the conjunctiva that is...
Special Topics
Potential acuity meter
A potential acuity meter is an instrument used to examine the eyes. Your health care provider can use this tool to predict how well you may see after eye surgery. People who have reduced vision due to cataracts...
Diseases & Conditions
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus. This makes it hard to see objects up close.
Diseases & Conditions
Pterygium
A pterygium is a noncancerous growth that starts in the clear, thin tissue (conjunctiva) of the eye. This growth covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and extends onto the cornea. It is often slightly...
Symptoms
Ptosis - infants and children
Ptosis (eyelid drooping) in infants and children is when the upper eyelid is lower than it should be. This may occur in one or both eyes. Eyelid drooping that occurs at birth or within the first year is...
Symptoms
Pupil – white
A white pupil is a condition that causes the pupil of the eye to look white instead of black.
Tests
Refraction
A refraction is an eye exam that measures a person's prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses.
Discharge Instructions
Refractive corneal surgery - discharge
Nearsightedness surgery - discharge; Refractive surgery - discharge; LASIK - discharge; PRK - discharge; SMILE - discharge
Questions To Ask Your Doctor
Refractive corneal surgery - what to ask your doctor
What to ask your doctor about refractive eye surgery; Nearsightedness surgery - what to ask your doctor; LASIK - what to ask your doctor; Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis - what to ask your doctor...
Special Topics
Retina
The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball. Images that come through the eye's lens are focused on the retina. The retina then converts these images to electric signals...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinal artery occlusion
Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage in one of the small arteries that carry blood to the retina. The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is able to sense light. retina
Diseases & Conditions
Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment is a separation of the light-sensitive membrane (retina) in the back of the eye from its supporting layers.
Surgery
Retinal detachment repair
Retinal detachment repair is eye surgery to place a retina back into its normal position. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye. Detachment means that it has pulled away from the...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinal vein occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion is a blockage of the small veins that carry blood away from the retina. The retina is the layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye that converts light images to nerve signals...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is an eye disease in which there is damage to the retina. The retina is the layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye. This layer converts light images to nerve signals and sends...
Diseases & Conditions
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye tumor that usually occurs in children. It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor of the part of the eye called the retina.
Diseases & Conditions
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is abnormal blood vessel development in the retina of the eye in infants that are born too early (premature). premature
Tests
Schirmer test
The Schirmer test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to keep it moist.
Special Topics
Sclera
The sclera is the white outer coating of the eye. It is tough, fibrous tissue that extends from the cornea (the clear front section of the eye) to the optic nerve at the back of the eye. The sclera gives...
Diseases & Conditions
Scleritis
The sclera is the white outer wall of the eye. Scleritis is present when this area becomes swollen or inflamed.
Discharge Instructions
Septoplasty - discharge
Nasal septum repair; Submucus resection of the septum
Tests
Slit-lamp exam
The slit-lamp examination looks at structures that are at the front of the eye.
Tests
Standard eye exam
A standard eye exam is a series of tests done to check your vision and the health of your eyes.
Diseases & Conditions
Strabismus
Strabismus is a disorder in which both eyes do not line up in the same direction. Therefore, they do not look at the same object at the same time. The most common form of strabismus is known as "crossed...
Diseases & Conditions
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhage is a bright red patch appearing in the white of the eye. This condition is one of several disorders called red eye.
Special Topics
Uvea
The uvea is the middle layer of the eye. It lies beneath the white part of the eye (the sclera). It is made of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. These structures control many eye functions, including...
Diseases & Conditions
Uveitis
Uveitis is swelling and inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uvea supplies blood for the iris at the front of the eye and the retina in the back of the eye...
Diseases & Conditions
Vernal conjunctivitis
Vernal conjunctivitis is long-term (chronic) swelling (inflammation) of the outer lining of the eyes. It is due to an allergic reaction. allergic reaction
Symptoms
Vision - night blindness
Night blindness is poor vision at night or in dim light.
Symptoms
Vision problems
There are many types of eye problems and vision disturbances, such as: Halos Blurred vision (the loss of sharpness of vision and the inability to see fine details)Blind spots or scotomas (dark "holes" in...
Tests
Visual acuity test
The visual acuity test is used to determine the smallest letters you can read on a standardized chart (Snellen chart) or a card held 20 feet (6 meters) away. Special charts are used when testing at distances...
Tests
Visual field
The visual field refers to the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point. This article describes the test that measures your visual...
Symptoms
Watery eyes
Watery eyes means you have too many tears in and draining from the eyes. Tears help keep the surface of the eye moist. They wash away particles and foreign objects in the eye.