Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud's syndrome; Raynaud's disease
Signs and Symptoms
- Changes in skin color in the fingers or toes and sometimes in the nose, legs, or earlobes. Skin may turn white, blue, then red.
- Throbbing, tingling, numbness, and pain.
- Rarely, deterioration of the pads on fingertips or toes.
- Rarely, gangrenous ulcers near fingertips.
What Causes It?
No one knows what causes primary Raynaud's. Researchers think that when people with Raynaud's get cold or feel stress -- which causes blood vessels to narrow -- their blood vessels overreact and constrict more than they do in people without Raynaud's.
Primary Raynaud's is more common in people who live in cold climates and those who have a family history of Raynaud's.
Risk factors for secondary Raynaud's include:
- Cigarette smoking.
- Age in women. Raynaud's tends to occur between the ages of 20 to 40, although secondary Raynaud's tends to happen later.
- Using vibrating tools such as chain saws and jackhammers.
- Taking some medications, including some cancer drugs, narcotics, and over-the-counter cold medications.
- Having had frostbite.
- Repetitive motion -- for example, typing or playing the piano.
- Carpal tunnel syndrome.
- Other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), and carpal tunnel syndrome. If you have Raynaud's because of these conditions, it is called secondary Raynaud's and is often more severe.
What to Expect at Your Doctor's Office
Your doctor may do a test where you are exposed to cold air or water to see if it brings on symptoms of Raynaud's. Your doctor may also look at the base of your fingernail under a microscope to see if there is an underlying condition.
If your doctor suspects there may be an underlying condition, he may do several blood tests, such as the antinuclear antibody test and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), to look for connective tissue disease or other autoimmune disorders. If you have primary Raynaud's phenomenon, your doctor may suggest trying to manage it with self-care strategies -- for example, dressing warmly, avoiding the cold, controlling stress.
Treatment Options
Many times you can help prevent symptoms of Raynaud's. One of the most important things you can do is to stop smoking. Nicotine shrinks arteries and decreases blood flow. Other ways you can help prevent symptoms include:
- Protecting yourself from cold, especially outdoors in the winter
- Guarding against cuts and other injuries to affected areas
- Avoiding caffeine
- Avoiding stress
- Exercising to increase circulation
Often, this may be enough to manage Raynaud's phenomenon.
Drug Therapies
Several types of drugs are used to treat Raynaud's phenomenon.
Calcium-channel blockers. May reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. These drugs include:
- Nifedipine (Procardia)
- Amlodipine (Norvasc)
- Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin)
- Diltiazem (Cardizem)
- Felodipine (Plendil)
- Nisoldipine (Sular)
- Bepridil (Vascor)
Alpha blockers. Help keep blood vessels from narrowing. Alpha blockers include:
- Prazosin (Minipress)
- Doxazosin (Cardura)
Vasodilators. Open up blood vessels.
Surgical Procedures
In severe cases, patients may require surgery to cut the nerves that open and close blood vessels.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Be sure to tell your doctors about any herbs, supplements, or alternative therapies you are using. Some complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies can interfere with conventional medical therapies. Work with a doctor who is experienced in CAM therapies to find the combination of treatments that is right for you.
Nutrition
Avoid caffeine and alcohol, and get regular exercise. These supplements may help:
- Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, may reduce symptoms in people with primary Raynaud's, according to one study. Fish oil did not reduce symptoms in people who had secondary Raynaud's. High doses of fish oil can increase your risk of bleeding. So ask your doctor before taking it, especially if you already take blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin.
- Evening primrose oil (EPO). EPO contains a different type of fatty acid that stops the body from making chemicals that narrow blood vessels. In one study, people with Raynaud's who took EPO had fewer and less severe attacks compared to those who took placebo. More research is needed, however. People who have a history of seizures should not take EPO. EPO can increase your risk of bleeding. So ask your doctor before taking it, especially if you already take blood thinners.
- Inositol hexaniacinate, a form of vitamin B3 or niacin, may reduce frequency of Raynaud's attacks. In studies, people took high doses of inositol hexaniacinate, which can be dangerous if not monitored by a doctor. If you want to try inositol hexaniacinate, ask your doctor to determine the right dose for you.
- Magnesium opens up blood vessels. Some doctors suggest taking a magnesium supplement, although there are no scientific studies to show it works. Take with meals and reduce dose if diarrhea occurs. Magnesium can interact with a number of medications, including antibiotics, drugs used to treat high blood pressure, and drugs used to treat osteoporosis. Ask your doctor before taking a magnesium supplement.
Herbs
Herbs are a way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your doctor to diagnose your problem before starting treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, or teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp (5 g) herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 to 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 to 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 to 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or nursing before taking any herbs.
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). Can open up blood vessels and increase circulation in the fingers. One preliminary study found that people with Raynaud's who took 160 mg of ginkgo per day had less pain. Talk to your doctor before taking ginkgo. DO NOT take ginkgo if you have a history of seizures. Ginkgo can interact with several herbs and medications, and can increase your risk of bleeding, especially if you take blood thinners. There's some concern that Ginkgo can negatively impact fertility. In extremely high doses, Ginkgo has also been linked to cancers in animals. Speak to your doctor.
Homeopathy
Homeopathy may be useful as a supportive therapy.
Acupuncture
Although no major studies have looked at acupuncture to treat Raynaud's syndrome, some people may find that acupuncture increases blood flow and decreases pain.
Mind-Body Medicine
Although there have not yet been any clinical trials, some people with Raynaud's say they have used guided imagery to reduce symptoms. More research is needed.
Following Up
Most cases of Raynaud's are not severe. Avoiding cold and stress, and not smoking, can help manage symptoms.
Special Considerations
Many drugs used to treat Raynaud's phenomenon may cause birth defects. So pregnant women should not use them. Some people with Raynaud's also have depression. So talk to your doctor if you feel sad or have other symptoms of depression. Some people with Raynaud's also have migraines.
Avoid the following medications if you have Raynaud's because they can make symptoms worse. Ask your doctor about the safest way to stop taking these medications or what substitutes might work better for you. DO NOT stop taking prescription medications without talking to your doctor first:
Some over-the-counter cold and flu drugs. Avoid drugs that contain pseudoephedrine, such as Actifed, Chlor-Trimeton, and Sudafed.
Beta-blockers. Used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease. These include:
- Acebutolol (Sectral)
- Atenolol (Tenormin)
- Bisoprolol (Zebeta)
- Carteolol (Cartrol)
- Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
- Nadolol (Corgard)
- Propranolol (Inderal)
Birth control pills.
Supporting Research
Choi WS, Choi CJ, Kim KS, et al. To compare the efficacy and safety of nifedipine sustained release with Ginkgo biloba extract to treat patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon in South Korea; Korean Raynaud study (KOARA study). Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28(5):553-559. PMID: 19159999
Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2014. 1st ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. 2013.
Fries R, Shariat K, von Wilmowsky H, Bohm M. Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy. Circulation. 2005;112:2980-2985. PMID: 16275885
Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology. 2005;44(5):587-596. PMID: 15741200
Huisstede BM, Hoogvliet P, Paulis WD, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(7):1166-1180. Review. PMID: 21704799
Levien TL. Advances in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6:167-177. Review. PMID: 20448801
Malenfant D, Catton M, Pope JE. The efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(7):791-795. PMID: 19433434
Muir AH, Robb R, McLaren M, et al. The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Vasc Med. 2002;7:265-267. PMID: 12710841
Salsano F, Letizia C, Proietti M, et al. Significant changes of peripheral perfusion and plasma adrenomedullin levels in N-acetylcysteine long term treatment of patients with sclerodermic Raynaud's phenomenon. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005;18(4):761-770. PMID: 16388726
Sunderkotter C, Riemekasten G. Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of Raynaud's phenomenon related to systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(Suppl 3):iii33-iii35. PMID: 16987831
Thompson AE, Pope JE. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: A meta-analysis. Rheumatololgy. 2005;44(2):145-150. PMID: 15546967