Oncology (Cancer)

Oncology is the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Typically, cancer treatment encompasses some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation treatment, and hormone therapy.

Learn more about oncology at the Mount Sinai Health System

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Tests
5-HIAA urine test
5-HIAA is a urine test that measures the amount of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). 5-HIAA is a breakdown product of a hormone called serotonin. This test tells how much 5-HIAA the body is producing...

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Special Topics
A guide to clinical trials for cancer
Intervention study - cancer

Special Topics
A guide to help children understand cancer

Discharge Instructions
Abdominal radiation - discharge
Radiation - abdomen - discharge; Cancer - abdominal radiation; Lymphoma - abdominal radiation

Diseases & Conditions
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is bleeding from the uterus that is longer than usual or that occurs at an irregular time. Bleeding may be heavier or lighter than usual and occur often or randomly. AUB...

Diseases & Conditions
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a fast-growing cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. ALL occurs when the bone marrow produces a large number of immature lymphoblasts, a cancerous...

In-depth Report
Acute lymphocytic leukemia - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of leukemia.

Diseases & Conditions
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) - children
Acute myeloid leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells within the blood and bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that generates all blood components including white blood cells...

Diseases & Conditions
Acute myeloid leukemia - adult
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is cancer that starts inside bone marrow. This is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells. The cancer grows from cells that would normally turn...

Diseases & Conditions
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a cancer of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are two triangle-shaped glands. One gland is located on top of each kidney. adrenal glands

Diseases & Conditions
Adult soft tissue sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is cancer that forms in the soft tissue of the body. Soft tissue connects, supports, or surrounds other body parts. In adults, STS is rare. There are many different types of soft...

Special Topics
Advance care directives
Living will; Power of attorney; DNR - advance directive; Do not resuscitate - advance directive; Do-not-resuscitate - advance directive; Durable power of attorney - advance care directive; POA - advance...

Discharge Instructions
After chemotherapy - discharge
Chemotherapy - discharge; Chemotherapy - home care discharge; Chemotherapy - discharge mouth care; Chemotherapy - preventing infections discharge

Diseases & Conditions
Agranulocytosis
White blood cells fight infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other germs. One important type of white blood cell is the granulocyte, which is made in the bone marrow and travels in the blood throughout...

Tests
Alpha fetoprotein
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by the liver and yolk sac of a developing baby during pregnancy. AFP levels go down soon after birth. It is likely that AFP has no normal function in adults...

Diseases & Conditions
Anal cancer
Anal cancer is cancer that starts in the anus. The anus is the opening at the end of your rectum. The rectum is the last part of your large intestine where solid waste from food (stool) is stored. Stool...

Diseases & Conditions
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer of the thyroid gland.

Special Topics
Aplastic
Aplastic is a medical term that means: Did not grow or develop normallyDid not mature fullyBecame unable to form new tissue Did not grow or develop normally Did not mature fully Became unable to form new...

Diseases & Conditions
Aplastic anemia
Aplastic anemia is a condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells. Bone marrow is the soft, tissue in the center of bones that is responsible for producing blood cells and platelets...

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Tests
B-cell leukemia/lymphoma panel
B-cell leukemia/lymphoma panel is a blood test that looks for certain proteins on the surface of white blood cells called B-lymphocytes. The proteins are markers that may help diagnose leukemia or lymphoma...

Special Topics
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene testing
Breast cancer - BRCA1 and BRCA2; Ovarian cancer - BRCA1 and BRCA2

Special Topics
Benign
Benign refers to a condition, tumor, or growth that is not cancerous. This means that it does not spread to other parts of the body. It does not invade nearby tissue. Sometimes, a condition is called benign...

Diseases & Conditions
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is a cancer that starts in the bladder. The bladder is the body part that holds and releases urine. It is in the center of the lower abdomen.

Self-Care Instructions
Bleeding during cancer treatment
Cancer treatment - bleeding; Chemotherapy - bleeding; Radiation - bleeding; Bone marrow transplant - bleeding; Thrombocytopenia - cancer treatment

Special Topics
Bone marrow (stem cell) donation
Stem cell transplant - donation; Allogeneic donation; Leukemia - bone marrow donation; Lymphoma - bone marrow donation; Myeloma - bone marrow donation

Tests
Bone marrow aspiration
Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. It is found in the hollow part of most bones. Bone marrow aspiration is the removal of a small amount of this tissue in liquid form...

Tests
Bone marrow biopsy
A bone marrow biopsy is the removal of marrow from inside bone. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. It is found in the hollow part of most bones. biopsy Bone marrow...

Tests
Bone marrow culture
Bone marrow culture is an examination of the soft, fatty tissue found inside certain bones. The bone marrow tissue produces blood cells. This test is done to look for an infection inside the bone marrow...

Discharge Instructions
Bone marrow transplant - discharge
Transplant - bone marrow - discharge; Stem cell transplant - discharge; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant - discharge; Reduced intensity; Non-myeloablative transplant - discharge; Mini transplant - discharge...

Discharge Instructions
Bone marrow transplant in children - discharge
Transplant - bone marrow - children - discharge; Stem cell transplant - children - discharge; Hematopoietic stem cell transplant - children - discharge; Reduced intensity, non-myeloablative transplant ...

Tests
Bone scan
A bone scan is an imaging test used to diagnose bone diseases and find out how severe they are.

Diseases & Conditions
Bone tumor
A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within a bone. A bone tumor may be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). tumor benign

Tests
Brain PET scan
A brain positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test of the brain. It uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease or injury in the brain. A PET scan shows how the brain...

Discharge Instructions
Brain radiation - discharge
Radiation - brain - discharge; Cancer - brain radiation; Lymphoma - brain radiation; Leukemia - brain radiation; CNS radiation; Cranial radiation

Diseases & Conditions
Brain tumor - children
A brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that grow in the brain. This article focuses on primary brain tumors in children.

Diseases & Conditions
Brain tumor - primary - adults
A primary brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that start in the brain.

In-depth Report
Brain tumors - primary - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of primary brain tumors.

Tests
Breast MRI scan
A breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan is an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the breast and surrounding tissue. It does not use radiation (x-rays)....

Diseases & Conditions
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer: Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that carry milk from the breast to the nipple. Most...

In-depth Report
Breast cancer - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer.

Diseases & Conditions
Breast cancer in men
Breast cancer is cancer that starts in breast tissue. Both males and females have breast tissue. This means that anyone, including men and boys, can develop breast cancer. Breast cancer in men is rare....

Special Topics
Breast cancer screening
Mammogram - breast cancer screening; Breast exam - breast cancer screening; MRI - breast cancer screening

Special Topics
Breast cancer staging

Discharge Instructions
Breast external beam radiation - discharge
Radiation - breast - discharge

Special Topics
Breast self-exam
A breast self-exam is something a woman does at home to look for changes or problems in her breast tissue. Many women feel that doing this is important to their health. However, experts do not agree about...

Diseases & Conditions
Burkitt lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a very fast growing form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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Tests
CA-125 blood test
The CA-125 blood test measures the level of the protein CA-125 in the blood.

Tests
CEA blood test
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test measures the level of CEA in the blood. CEA is a protein normally found in the tissue of a developing baby in the womb. The blood level of this protein disappears...

Diseases & Conditions
Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.

Special Topics
Cancer - resources

Special Topics
Cancer and lymph nodes
Lymph gland; Lymphadenopathy - cancer

Special Topics
Cancer prevention: take charge of your lifestyle
Lifestyle modification - cancer

Discharge Instructions
Cancer treatment - dealing with pain
Palliative - cancer pain

Special Topics
Cancer treatment - early menopause
Premature menopause; Ovarian insufficiency - cancer

Special Topics
Cancer treatment - preventing infection
Chemotherapy - preventing infection; Radiation - preventing infection; Bone marrow transplant - preventing infection; Cancer treatment - immunosuppression

Special Topics
Cancer treatment: dealing with hot flashes and night sweats

Special Topics
Cancer treatment: fertility and sexual side effects in women
Radiotherapy - fertility; Radiation - fertility; Chemotherapy - fertility; Sexual dysfunction - cancer treatment

Special Topics
Cancer treatments

Diseases & Conditions
Carcinoid syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome is a group of symptoms associated with carcinoid tumors. These are tumors most often of the small intestine, colon, appendix, or bronchial tubes in the lungs.

Tests
Catecholamine blood test
This test measures the levels of catecholamines in the blood. Catecholamines are hormones made by the adrenal glands. The three catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and dopamine...

Tests
Catecholamines - urine
Catecholamines are chemicals made by nerve tissue (including the brain) and the adrenal gland. The main types of catecholamines are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These chemicals break down...

Special Topics
Cell phones and cancer
The amount of time people spend on cell phones has increased dramatically. Research continues to investigate whether there is a relationship between long-term cell phone use and slow-growing tumors in the...

Self-Care Instructions
Central venous catheter - dressing change
Central venous access device - dressing change; CVAD - dressing change

Self-Care Instructions
Central venous catheter - flushing
Central venous access device - flushing; CVAD - flushing

Discharge Instructions
Central venous catheters - ports
Central venous catheter - subcutaneous; Port-a-Cath; InfusaPort; PasPort; Subclavian port; Medi - port; Central venous line - port

Diseases & Conditions
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina.

In-depth Report
Cervical cancer - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer.

Self-Care Instructions
Cervical cancer - screening and prevention
Cancer cervix - screening; HPV - cervical cancer screening; Dysplasia - cervical cancer screening; Cervical cancer - HPV vaccine

Special Topics
Chemotherapy
The term chemotherapy is used to describe cancer-killing drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to: Cure the cancerShrink the cancerPrevent the cancer from spreadingRelieve symptoms the cancer may be causing Cure...

Questions To Ask Your Doctor
Chemotherapy - what to ask your doctor
What to ask your doctor about chemotherapy

Tests
Chest MRI
A chest MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan is an imaging test that uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create pictures of the chest (thoracic area). It does not use radiation (x-rays).

Discharge Instructions
Chest radiation - discharge
Radiation - chest - discharge; Cancer - chest radiation; Lymphoma - chest radiation; Thoracic radiation - lung cancer

Special Topics
Children's cancer centers
Pediatric cancer center; Pediatric oncology center; Comprehensive cancer center

Diseases & Conditions
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare cancerous (malignant) growth in one of the ducts that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. bile

Special Topics
Choosing a doctor and hospital for your cancer treatment

Diseases & Conditions
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells are found in the bone marrow and other parts of the body. Bone marrow is the soft tissue in the...

Diseases & Conditions
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is cancer that starts inside the bone marrow. This is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells. cancer CML causes an uncontrolled growth...

Tests
Cologuard
Cologuard is a screening test for colon and rectal cancer. The colon sheds cells from its lining every day. These cells pass with the stool through the colon. Colon cancer cells may have DNA changes in...

In-depth Report
Colon and rectal cancers - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of colorectal cancer.

Special Topics
Colon cancer screening
Colon cancer screening can detect polyps and early cancers in the large intestine. This type of screening can find problems that can be treated before cancer develops or spreads. Regular screenings may...

Diseases & Conditions
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is cancer that starts in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum (end of the colon). It is also sometimes simply called colon cancer. In the United States, colorectal cancer is one of...

Special Topics
Colorectal cancer - resources

Self-Care Instructions
Communicating with someone with dysarthria
Speech and language disorder - dysarthria care; Slurred speech - dysarthria; Articulation disorder - dysarthria

Special Topics
Coping with cancer - finding the support you need
Cancer support - home care services; Cancer support - travel services; Cancer support - financial services; Cancer support - counseling

Special Topics
Coping with cancer - hair loss
Cancer treatment - alopecia; Chemotherapy - hair loss; Radiation - hair loss

Special Topics
Coping with cancer - looking and feeling your best

Special Topics
Coping with cancer - managing fatigue
Cancer - related fatigue

Diseases & Conditions
Craniopharyngioma
A craniopharyngioma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops at the base of the brain near the pituitary gland. tumor

Special Topics
Cryotherapy for prostate cancer
Cryosurgery - prostate cancer; Cryoablation - prostate cancer

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Special Topics
Dealing with chronic cancer

Special Topics
Deciding about hormone therapy
HRT - deciding; Estrogen replacement therapy - deciding; ERT- deciding; Hormone replacement therapy - deciding; Menopause - deciding; HT - deciding; Menopausal hormone therapy - deciding; MHT - deciding

Special Topics
Deciding about treatments that prolong life
Palliative care - treatments that prolong life; Palliative care - life support; End-of-life-treatments that prolong life; Ventilator - treatments that prolong life; Respirator - treatments that prolong...

Discharge Instructions
Deep vein thrombosis - discharge
DVT - discharge; Blood clot in the legs - discharge; Thromboembolism - discharge; Venous thromboembolism - deep vein thrombosis; Post-phlebitic syndrome - discharge; Post-thrombotic syndrome - discharge

Special Topics
Diet and cancer
Diet can have an impact on your risk of developing many types of cancer. You can reduce your overall risk by following a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Surgery
Disección del cuello
Es la cirugía para examinar y extirpar los ganglios linfáticos en el cuello.

Special Topics
Do-not-resuscitate order
No code; End-of-life; Do not resuscitate; Do not resuscitate order; DNR; DNR order; Advance care directive - DNR; Health care agent - DNR; Health care proxy - DNR; End-of-life - DNR; Living will - DNR

Self-Care Instructions
Drinking water safely during cancer treatment
Chemotherapy - drinking water safely; Immunosuppression - drinking water safely; Low white blood cell count - drinking water safely; Neutropenia - drinking water safely

Self-Care Instructions
Dry mouth during cancer treatment
Chemotherapy - dry mouth; Radiation therapy - dry mouth; Transplant - dry mouth; Transplantation - dry mouth

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Self-Care Instructions
Eating extra calories when sick - adults
Getting more calories - adults; Chemotherapy - calories; Transplant - calories; Cancer treatment - calories

Self-Care Instructions
Eating extra calories when sick - children
Getting more calories - children; Chemotherapy - calories; Transplant - calories; Cancer treatment - calories

Tests
Endometrial biopsy
Endometrial biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) for examination. biopsy

Diseases & Conditions
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer is cancer that starts in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus (womb).

Diseases & Conditions
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer is cancer that starts in the esophagus. This is the tube through which food moves from the mouth to the stomach.

Diseases & Conditions
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that forms in the bone or soft tissue around it. It affects mostly teens and young adults. bone tumor

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Special Topics
Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
Immunochemical fecal occult blood test; iFOBT; Colon cancer screening - FIT

Tests
Fibrinopeptide A blood test
Fibrinopeptide A is a substance released as blood clots in your body. A test can be done to measure the level of this substance in your blood.

Diseases & Conditions
Fibroadenoma of the breast
Fibroadenoma of the breast is a benign tumor. Benign tumor means it is not a cancer.

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Diseases & Conditions
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma is an intermediate tumor that arises from nerve tissues. An intermediate tumor is one that is between benign (slow-growing and unlikely to spread) and malignant (fast-growing, aggressive...

Special Topics
Genetic testing and your cancer risk
Genetic mutations; Inherited mutations; Genetic testing - cancer

Diseases & Conditions
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of pregnancy-related conditions that develop inside a woman's uterus (womb). The abnormal cells start in the tissue that would normally become the placenta...

Special Topics
Getting support when your child has cancer

Special Topics
Gleason grading system
Prostate cancer - Gleason; Adenocarcinoma prostate - Gleason; Gleason grade; Gleason score; Gleason group; Prostate cancer - 5 grade group

Diseases & Conditions
Glomus jugulare tumor
A glomus jugulare tumor is a tumor of the part of the temporal bone in the skull that involves the middle and inner ear structures. This tumor can affect the ear, upper neck, base of the skull, and the...

Diseases & Conditions
Glomus tympanum tumor
A glomus tympanum tumor is a tumor of the middle ear and bone behind the ear (mastoid).

Diseases & Conditions
Glucagonoma
Glucagonoma is a very rare tumor of the islet cells of the pancreas, which leads to an excess of the hormone glucagon in the blood. tumor

Diseases & Conditions
Graft-versus-host disease
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication that can occur after certain stem cell or bone marrow transplants. bone marrow transplants

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Tests
HPV test
The HPV test is used to check for infection with HPV types associated with cervical cancer. Typically, the test looks for 14 different HPV types. HPV type 16 and HPV type 18 are most closely associated...

Diseases & Conditions
Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an unusual cancer of the blood. It affects B lymphocyte cells, a type of white blood cell.

Special Topics
Health care agents
Durable power of attorney for health care; Health care proxy; End-of-life - health care agent; Life support treatment - health care agent; Respirator - health care agent; Ventilator - health care agent...

Special Topics
Helping your child understand a cancer diagnosis

In-depth Report
Hodgkin disease - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Hodgkin disease.

Diseases & Conditions
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites.

Diseases & Conditions
Hodgkin lymphoma in children
Hodgkin lymphoma is cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, liver, bone marrow, and other organs of the immune system. The immune system protects us against diseases...

Special Topics
Hormone therapy for breast cancer
Hormonal therapy - breast cancer; Hormone treatment - breast cancer; Endocrine therapy; Hormone-sensitive cancers - therapy; ER positive - therapy; Aromatase inhibitors - breast cancer

Special Topics
Hormone therapy for prostate cancer
Androgen deprivation therapy; ADT; Androgen suppression therapy; Combined androgen blockade; Orchiectomy - prostate cancer; Castration - prostate cancer

Special Topics
Hospice care
Palliative care - hospice; End-of-life care - hospice; Dying - hospice; Cancer - hospice

Special Topics
How childhood cancers are different from adult cancers

Special Topics
How to research cancer

Special Topics
How to tell your child that you have cancer

Discharge Instructions
Hypercalcemia - discharge
Hypercalcemia; Transplant - hypercalcemia; Transplantation - hypercalcemia; Cancer treatment - hypercalcemia

Special Topics
Hyperthermia for treating cancer

Diseases & Conditions
Hypothalamic tumor
A hypothalamic tumor is an abnormal growth in the hypothalamus gland, which is located in the brain. tumor hypothalamus

Surgery
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy is surgery to remove a woman's womb (uterus). The uterus is a hollow muscular organ that nourishes the developing baby during pregnancy.

Discharge Instructions
Hysterectomy - abdominal - discharge
Abdominal hysterectomy - discharge; Supracervical hysterectomy - discharge; Radical hysterectomy - discharge; Removal of the uterus - discharge

Discharge Instructions
Hysterectomy - laparoscopic - discharge
Supracervical hysterectomy - discharge; Removal of the uterus - discharge; Laparoscopic hysterectomy - discharge; Total laparoscopic hysterectomy - discharge; TLH - discharge; Laparoscopic supracervical...

Discharge Instructions
Hysterectomy - vaginal - discharge
Vaginal hysterectomy - discharge; Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy - discharge; LAVH - discharge

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Tests
Immunoelectrophoresis - urine
Urine immunoelectrophoresis is a lab test that measures immunoglobulins in a urine sample. Immunoglobulins are proteins that function as antibodies, which fight infection. There are various types of these...

Special Topics
Immunotherapy for cancer
Biological therapy; Biotherapy

Special Topics
Immunotherapy: questions to ask your doctor
Cancer - immunotherapy; Tumor - immunotherapy

Special Topics
Integrative medicine for cancer treatment

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Diseases & Conditions
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue. tumor

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Special Topics
Laser therapy for cancer

Diseases & Conditions
Leukemoid reaction
A leukemoid reaction is an increase in the white blood cell count, which can mimic leukemia. The reaction is actually due to an infection or another disease and is not a sign of cancer. leukemia Blood counts...

Diseases & Conditions
Leydig cell testicular tumor
A Leydig cell tumor is a tumor of the testicle. It develops from Leydig cells. These are the cells in the testicles that release the male hormone, testosterone. tumor testosterone

Diseases & Conditions
Liver cancer - hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer that starts in the liver.

Diseases & Conditions
Liver metastases
Liver metastases refer to cancer that has spread to the liver from somewhere else in the body. Liver metastases are not the same as cancer that starts in the liver, which is called hepatocellular carcinoma...

Special Topics
Low white blood cell count and cancer
Neutropenia and cancer; Absolute neutrophil count and cancer; ANC and cancer

Tests
Lung PET scan
A lung positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test. It uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for disease in the lungs such as lung cancer. PET lung cancer Unlike magnetic...

Diseases & Conditions
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe (trachea), and into the lungs, where it flows through...

Diseases & Conditions
Lung cancer - small cell
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing type of lung cancer. It spreads much more quickly than non-small cell lung cancer. lung cancer non-small cell lung cancer There are two types of SCLC: Small...

Diseases & Conditions
Lung metastases
Lung metastases are cancerous tumors that start somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs.

Tests
Lymph node biopsy
A lymph node biopsy is the removal of lymph node tissue for examination under a microscope. The lymph nodes are small glands that make white blood cells (lymphocytes), which fight infection. Lymph nodes...

Tests
Lymphangiogram
A lymphangiogram is a special x-ray of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels. Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that help fight infections. The lymph nodes also filter and trap cancer...

Diseases & Conditions
Lymphatic obstruction
Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema...

Self-Care Instructions
Lymphedema - self-care
Breast cancer - self-care for lymphedema; Mastectomy - self-care for lymphedema

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Special Topics
Malignancy
The term "malignancy" refers to the presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to spread to other sites in the body (metastasize) or to invade nearby (locally) and destroy tissues. Malignant cells...

Diseases & Conditions
Malignant mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma is an uncommon cancerous tumor. It mainly affects the lining of the lung and chest cavity (pleura) or lining of the abdomen (peritoneum). It is due to long-term asbestos exposure...

Diseases & Conditions
Malignant teratoma of the mediastinum
A teratoma is a type of cancer that contains one or more of the three layers of cells found in a developing baby (embryo). These cells are called germ cells. A teratoma is one type of germ cell tumor. The...

Tests
Mammogram
A mammogram is an x-ray picture of the breasts. It is used to evaluate some breast symptoms and to find breast cancer in women with no symptoms. x-ray breast cancer

Special Topics
Mammogram - calcifications
Calcifications are tiny deposits of calcium in your breast tissue. They are often seen on a mammogram. mammogram

Diseases & Conditions
Mediastinal tumor
Mediastinal tumors are growths that form in the mediastinum. This is an area in the middle of the chest that separates the lungs.

Special Topics
Medical marijuana
Pot; Grass; Cannabis; Weed; Hash; Ganja

Diseases & Conditions
Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It is also the rarest. It is the leading cause of death from skin disease. Other common types of skin cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell...

In-depth Report
Melanoma and other skin cancers - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers.

Diseases & Conditions
Metastatic brain tumor
A metastatic brain tumor is cancer that started in another part of the body and has spread to the brain.

Diseases & Conditions
Metastatic pleural tumor
Metastatic pleural tumor is a type of cancer that has spread from another organ to the thin membrane (pleura) surrounding the lungs. cancer

Surgery
Mohs micrographic surgery
Mohs micrographic surgery is a way to treat and cure certain skin cancers. Surgeons trained in the Mohs procedure can do this surgery. It allows skin cancer to be removed with less damage to the healthy...

Discharge Instructions
Mouth and neck radiation - discharge
Radiation - mouth and neck - discharge; Head and neck cancer - radiation; Squamous cell cancer - mouth and neck radiation; Mouth and neck radiation - dry mouth; Oral cancer

Diseases & Conditions
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) I
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I is a disease in which one or more of the endocrine glands are overactive or forms a tumor. It is passed down through families. Endocrine glands most commonly involved...

Diseases & Conditions
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) II
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type II (MEN II) is a disorder passed down through families in which one or more of the endocrine glands are overactive or form a tumor. Endocrine glands most commonly involved...

Diseases & Conditions
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that starts in the plasma cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside most bones in children and in the front chest bone (sternum) and...

Diseases & Conditions
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of disorders in which the blood cells produced in the bone marrow do not mature into healthy cells. This leaves you with fewer healthy blood cells in your body. The blood...

Diseases & Conditions
Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis is a disorder of the bone marrow in which the marrow is replaced by fibrous scar tissue.

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Special Topics
Nausea and acupressure

Surgery
Neck dissection
Neck dissection is surgery to examine and remove the lymph nodes in the neck.

Discharge Instructions
Neck dissection - discharge
Radical neck dissection - discharge; Modified radical neck dissection - discharge; Selective neck dissection - discharge

Diseases & Conditions
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a very rare type of cancerous tumor that develops from nerve tissue. It usually occurs in infants and children. tumor

Diseases & Conditions
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is a group of conditions passed down through families. The disorder involves the skin, nervous system, eyes, endocrine glands, urinary and reproductive systems, and...

Diseases & Conditions
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is cancer of the lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs of the immune system. White blood cells, called lymphocytes, are found in lymph...

Diseases & Conditions
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is cancer of the lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow, and other organs of the immune system. The immune system protects us...

In-depth Report
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Diseases & Conditions
Non-small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. lung cancer small cell lung cancer There are three common types of...

In-depth Report
Non-small cell lung cancer - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

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Diseases & Conditions
Oral cancer
Oral cancer is cancer that starts in the mouth.

Self-Care Instructions
Oral mucositis - self-care
Cancer treatment - mucositis; Cancer treatment - mouth pain; Cancer treatment - mouth sores; Chemotherapy - mucositis; Chemotherapy - mouth pain; Chemotherapy - mouth sores; Radiation therapy - mucositis...

Diseases & Conditions
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is a very rare type of cancerous bone tumor that usually develops in teenagers and young adults. It often occurs when a teen is growing rapidly. bone tumor

Diseases & Conditions
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is cancer that starts in the ovaries. The ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs.

In-depth Report
Ovarian cancer - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cancer.

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Tests
PET scan for breast cancer
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for potential spread of breast cancer. This tracer can help identify areas of cancer...

Special Topics
Palliative care - fear and anxiety
End of life care - fear and anxiety; Hospice care - fear and anxiety

Self-Care Instructions
Palliative care - fluid, food, and digestion
Constipation - palliative care; End of life - digestion; Hospice - digestion

Self-Care Instructions
Palliative care - managing pain
End of life - pain management; Hospice - pain management

Special Topics
Palliative care - shortness of breath
Dyspnea - end-of-life; Hospice care - shortness of breath

Special Topics
Palliative care - what the final days are like
End of life - final days; Hospice - final days

Diseases & Conditions
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer is cancer that starts in the pancreas.

Diseases & Conditions
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare tumors of the pancreas that start from a type of cell called the islet cell. tumors

Diseases & Conditions
Parathyroid cancer
Parathyroid cancer is a cancerous (malignant) growth in a parathyroid gland. malignant

Discharge Instructions
Pelvic radiation - discharge
Radiation of the pelvis - discharge; Cancer treatment - pelvic radiation; Prostate cancer - pelvic radiation; Ovarian cancer - pelvic radiation; Cervical cancer - pelvic radiation; Uterine cancer - pelvic...

Diseases & Conditions
Penile cancer
Penile cancer is cancer that starts in the penis, an organ that makes up part of the male reproductive system. cancer penis

Special Topics
Peripherally inserted central catheter - dressing change
PICC - dressing change

Self-Care Instructions
Peripherally inserted central catheter - flushing
PICC - flushing

Special Topics
Peripherally inserted central catheter - insertion
PICC - insertion

Tests
Pharmacogenetic testing
Pharmacogenetic testing provides information about your genes and how they control your response to certain medicines. Your genes can affect the desired result of a drug. Your provider can use the information...

Special Topics
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genes affect the way medicines work in a person. Your health care provider can use the information from pharmacogenetic testing to prescribe medicines that will work...

Diseases & Conditions
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of adrenal gland tissue. It results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure. tumor

Special Topics
Photodynamic therapy for cancer
Phototherapy; Photochemotherapy; Photoradiation therapy; Cancer of the esophagus - photodynamic; Esophageal cancer - photodynamic; Lung cancer - photodynamic

Diseases & Conditions
Posterior fossa tumor
Posterior fossa tumor is a type of brain tumor located in or near the bottom of the skull.

Diseases & Conditions
Primary lymphoma of the brain
Primary lymphoma of the brain is cancer of white blood cells that starts in the brain.

Tests
Prostate biopsy
A prostate biopsy is the removal of tiny samples of prostate tissue to examine it for signs of prostate cancer. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized gland just under the bladder in men. It wraps around...

Discharge Instructions
Prostate brachytherapy - discharge
Implant therapy - prostate cancer - discharge; Radioactive seed placement - discharge

Diseases & Conditions
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-shaped structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that...

In-depth Report
Prostate cancer - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of prostate cancer.

Special Topics
Prostate cancer - resources

Special Topics
Prostate cancer screening
Prostate cancer screening - PSA; Prostate cancer screening - digital rectal exam; Prostate cancer screening - DRE

Discharge Instructions
Prostate cancer staging

Discharge Instructions
Prostate cancer treatment

Discharge Instructions
Prostate radiation - discharge
Radiation - pelvis - discharge

Tests
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by prostate cells. The PSA test is done to help screen for and monitor prostate cancer in men. prostate cancer

Special Topics
Protecting yourself from cancer scams
Scams - cancer treatment; Fraud - cancer treatment

Special Topics
Proton therapy
Proton therapy is a kind of radiation used to treat cancer. Like other types of radiation, proton therapy kills cancer cells and stops them from growing. radiation

Tests
Prueba para el VPH
La prueba para el VPH se usa para buscar una infección con tipos de VPH asociados con el cáncer cervical. Por lo general, la prueba busca 14 tipos diferentes de VPH. El VPH tipo 16 y el VPH tipo 18 están...

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Tests
Quantitative Bence-Jones protein test
This test measures the level of abnormal proteins called Bence-Jones proteins in the urine.

Questions To Ask Your Doctor
Questions to ask your child's doctor about cancer

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Special Topics
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-powered radiation (such as x-rays or gamma rays), particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells. cancer

Questions To Ask Your Doctor
Radiation therapy - questions to ask your doctor
What to ask your doctor about radiation therapy; Radiotherapy - ask your doctor

Self-Care Instructions
Radiation therapy - skin care

Discharge Instructions
Radical prostatectomy - discharge
Prostatectomy - radical - discharge; Radical retropubic prostatectomy - discharge; Radical perineal prostatectomy - discharge; Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy - discharge; LRP - discharge; Robotic-assisted...

Tests
Rectal biopsy
A rectal biopsy is a procedure to remove a small piece of tissue from the rectum for examination.

Diseases & Conditions
Renal pelvis or ureter cancer
Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter is cancer that forms in the renal pelvis (center of the kidney) or ureter (tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder).

Diseases & Conditions
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye tumor that usually occurs in children. It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor of the part of the eye called the retina.

Special Topics
Returning to work after cancer: know your rights

Diseases & Conditions
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous (malignant) tumor of the muscles that are attached to the bones. This cancer mostly affects children.

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Self-Care Instructions
Safe eating during cancer treatment
Cancer treatment - eating safely; Chemotherapy - eating safely; Immunosuppression - eating safely; Low white blood cell count - eating safely; Neutropenia - eating safely

Tests
Salivary gland biopsy
Salivary gland biopsy is the removal of cells or a piece of tissue from a salivary gland for exam.

Diseases & Conditions
Salivary gland tumors
Salivary gland tumors are abnormal cells growing in the gland or in the tubes (ducts) that drain the salivary glands.

Tests
Scrotal ultrasound
Scrotal ultrasound is an imaging test that looks at the scrotum. The scrotum is the flesh-covered sac that hangs between the legs at the base of the penis and contains the testicles. ultrasound The testicles...

Tests
Serotonin blood test
The serotonin test measures the level of serotonin in the blood.

Diseases & Conditions
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) is a rare cancer of the ovaries. The cancer cells produce and release a male sex hormone called testosterone.

Tests
Skin lesion biopsy
A skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined under a microscope. The skin is tested to look for skin conditions or diseases. A skin biopsy can help your health care...

Special Topics
Skin self-exam
Skin cancer - self-exam; Melanoma - self-exam; Basal cell cancer - self-exam; Squamous cell - self-exam; Skin mole - self-exam

Diseases & Conditions
Solitary pulmonary nodule
A solitary pulmonary nodule is a round or oval spot (lesion) in the lung that is seen with a chest x-ray or CT scan. chest x-ray CT scan

Diseases & Conditions
Spinal tumor
A spinal tumor is a growth of cells (mass) in or around the spinal cord.

Tests
Sputum direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test
Sputum direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) is a lab test that looks for micro-organisms in lung secretions.

Diseases & Conditions
Squamous cell skin cancer
Squamous cell skin cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the United States. Other common types of skin cancer are: Basal cell cancerMelanoma Basal cell cancer Basal cell cancer Melanoma Melanoma

Surgery
Stereotactic radiosurgery - CyberKnife
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a form of radiation therapy that focuses high-power energy on a small area of the body. Despite its name, radiosurgery is a treatment, not a surgical procedure. Incisions...

Surgery
Stereotactic radiosurgery - Gamma Knife
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a form of radiation therapy that focuses high-power energy on a small area of the body. Despite its name, radiosurgery is not actually a surgical procedure -- there is...

Diseases & Conditions
Stomach cancer
Stomach cancer is cancer that starts in the stomach. cancer

Surgery
Surgery for pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic surgery is done to treat cancer and other diseases of the pancreas.

Discharge Instructions
Surgery for pancreatic cancer - discharge
Pancreaticoduodenectomy; Whipple procedure; Open distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy; Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy

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Special Topics
Talking with a child about a parent's terminal illness

Special Topics
Targeted therapies for cancer
Molecularly targeted anticancer agents; MTAs; Chemotherapy-targeted; Vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted; VEGF-targeted; VEGFR-targeted; Tyrosine kinase inhibitor-targeted; TKI-targeted; Personalized...

Special Topics
Targeted therapy: questions to ask your doctor
Carcinoma - targeted; Squamous cell - targeted; Adenocarcinoma - targeted; Lymphoma - targeted; Tumor - targeted; Leukemia - targeted; Cancer - targeted

Tests
Testicular biopsy
Testicular biopsy is surgery to remove a piece of tissue from the testicles. The tissue is examined under a microscope. testicles

Diseases & Conditions
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancer is cancer that starts in the testicles. The testicles are the male reproductive glands located in the scrotum.

Diseases & Conditions
Throat or larynx cancer
Throat cancer is cancer of the vocal cords, larynx (voice box), pharynx, or other areas of the throat.

Diseases & Conditions
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia means there is an abnormally low amount of platelets. Platelets are parts of the blood that help blood to clot. This condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding.

Diseases & Conditions
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in the front of your lower neck.

Diseases & Conditions
Thyroid cancer - medullary carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is cancer of the thyroid gland that starts in cells that release a hormone called calcitonin. These cells are called "C" cells. The thyroid gland is located inside the...

Diseases & Conditions
Thyroid cancer - papillary carcinoma
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common cancer of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in front of the lower neck.

Tests
Tongue biopsy
A tongue biopsy is a minor surgery that is done to remove a small piece of the tongue. The tissue is then examined under a microscope.

Diseases & Conditions
Transplant rejection
Transplant rejection is a process in which a transplant recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.

Special Topics
Transplant services
Transplantation is a procedure that is done to replace one of your organs with a healthy one from another person. The surgery is only one part of a complex, long-term process. Several experts will help...

Special Topics
Treatment for childhood cancer - long-term risks
Childhood cancer - late effects

Diseases & Conditions
Tumor
A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign).

Special Topics
Types of chemotherapy

Special Topics
Types of hormone therapy
HRT- types; Estrogen replacement therapy - types; ERT- types of hormone therapy; Hormone replacement therapy - types; Menopause - types of hormone therapy; HT - types; Menopausal hormone types

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Special Topics
Understanding cancer staging

Special Topics
Understanding your breast cancer risk
Carcinoma-lobular - risk; DCIS; LCIS - risk; Ductal carcinoma in situ - risk; Lobular carcinoma in situ - risk; Breast cancer - prevention; BRCA - breast cancer risk

Special Topics
Understanding your cancer prognosis
Outcomes - cancer; Remission - cancer; Survival - cancer; Survival curve

Special Topics
Understanding your colorectal cancer risk
Colon cancer - prevention; Colon cancer - screening

Special Topics
Understanding your prostate cancer risk

Tests
Upper airway biopsy
Upper airway biopsy is surgery to remove a small piece of tissue from the nose, mouth, and throat area. The tissue will be examined under the microscope by a pathologist.

Tests
Ureteral retrograde brush biopsy
Ureteral retrograde brush biopsy is a surgical procedure. During the surgery, your doctor (urologist) takes a small sample of tissue from the lining of the kidney or ureter. The ureter is the tube that...

Tests
Urine melanin test
Urine melanin test is a test to determine the abnormal presence of melanin in the urine. melanin

Tests
Urine protein electrophoresis test
The urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) test is used to estimate how much of certain proteins are in the urine.

In-depth Report
Uterine fibroids and hysterectomy - InDepth
An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of uterine fibroids.

Diseases & Conditions
Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcoma is a rare cancer of the uterus (womb). It is not the same as endometrial cancer, a much more common cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus. Uterine sarcoma most often starts in the...

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Diseases & Conditions
VIPoma
VIPoma is a very rare cancer that usually grows from cells in the pancreas called islet cells.

Diseases & Conditions
Vaginal cancer
Vaginal cancer is cancer of the vagina, a female reproductive organ.

Diseases & Conditions
Vaginal or uterine bleeding
Vaginal bleeding normally occurs during a woman's menstrual cycle, when she gets her period. Every woman's period is different. Most women have cycles between 24 and 34 days apart. It usually lasts 4 to...

Tests
Virtual colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy (VC) is an imaging or x-ray test that looks for cancer, polyps, or other disease in the large intestine (colon). The medical name of this test is CT colonography. polyps

Diseases & Conditions
Vulvar cancer
Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts in the vulva. Vulvar cancer most often affects the labia, the folds of skin outside the vagina. In some cases, vulvar cancer starts on the clitoris or in glands on the...

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Special Topics
What if cancer comes back?
Carcinoma - recurrence; Squamous cell - recurrence; Adenocarcinoma - recurrence; Lymphoma - recurrence; Tumor - recurrence; Leukemia - recurrence; Cancer - recurrence

Special Topics
What is palliative care?
Comfort care; End of life - palliative care; Hospice - palliative care

Special Topics
When your cancer treatment stops working

Special Topics
When your child's cancer treatment stops working
End of life care - children; Palliative care - children; Advance care planning - children

Diseases & Conditions
Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor (WT) is a type of kidney cancer that occurs in children.

Special Topics
Working during cancer treatment
Chemotherapy - working; Radiation - working

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Special Topics
Your cancer care team

Special Topics
Your cancer diagnosis - Do you need a second opinion?

Special Topics
Your cancer survivorship care plan